iosl
iin
too
5 CM
'CO
00
AMULETS
AMULETS
ILLUSTRATED BY THE EGYPTIAN COLLECTION IN
UNIVERSITY COLLEGE, LONDON
BY
W: M. FLINDERS PETRIE
HON D.C.L., LL.D., LITT.D., PH.D., F.R.S., F.B.A., HON. F.S.A. (SCOT.), A.R.I.B.A., MEMBER OF THE ROYAL IRISH ACADEMY,
MEMBER OF THE IMPERIAL GERMAN ARCH^OLOGICAL INSTITUTE, CORRESPONDING MEMBER OF THE SOCIETY
OF ANTHROPOLOGY, BERLIN ; MEMBER OF THE ITALIAN SOCIETY OF ANTHROPOLOGY ; MEMBER
OF THE ROMAN SOCIETY OF ANTHROPOLOGY; MEMBER OF THE SOCIETY OF
NORTHERN ANTIQUARIES; MEMBER OF THE AMERICAN PHILO-
SOPHICAL SOCIETY; EDWARDS PROFESSOR OF
EGYPTOLOGY, UNIVERSITY OF LONDON
i
LONDON
CONSTABLE & COMPANY LTD
10 ORANGE STREET LEICESTER SQUARE WC
1914
CONTENTS
CHAPTER I.
THE PRINCIPLES OF AMULETS.
8RCT.
1. The belief in amulets
2. Meaning of tho name
3. Purpose of amulets
4. Five theories of amulets ....
5. Examples of each theory ....
6. The doctrine of similars ....
7. Lower individual beliefs ....
8. Primitive modes of thought ....
9. Organic amulets
10. The flux of beliefs
CHAPTER II.
EGYPTIAN AMULETS.
11. Scope of amulets
12. Limitations of the class
13. Growth of funereal amulets ....
14. Material for study . ...
15. Arrangement of the catalogue
16. Materials named ......
17. Classification .
System of the catalogue ....
CHAPTEE III.
AMULETS OF SIMILARS. (29.))
NO.
1. Head bearded. (3)
2. Face. (23)
3. Uzat eye. (2)
4. Eye. (4)
5. Ear. (4)
6. Tongue. (2)
7. Heart. (41)
8. Breast. (3)
9. Arm. (1)
10. Two arms, lea. (1)
11. Hand open. (12)
12. Fist clenched. (17)
13. Fist, thumb between fingers. (2) .
14. Two hands side by side. (1) .
15. Leg. (15)
16. Phallus. (9)
17. Sma. (5)
18. Frog and toad. (20)
19. Fly. (32)
20. Papyrus sceptre. (26)
21. Papyrus on plaque. (4)
22. Jackal head. (27)
23. Leopard head. (1)
24. Claw. (10)
25. Tooth. (8)
26. Locust. (2)
1
1
1
2
2
3
3
4
4
4
9
9
10
10
10
10
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
12
12
12
13
13
13
13
13
14
CHAPTEE IV.
AMULETS OF POWKHS. (-.'37)
NO,
PACI
27.
Wagtail, ur. (3)
. 14
28.
Human-headed bird, la. (5) .
. 14
29.
Duckling, za. (2)
. 14
30.
Man's girdle tie, onkh. (7) .
. 14
31.
Nefer. (8)
. 14
32.
Sistrum. (3) .......
. 15
33.
Counterpoise, menat. (6)
15
34.
Head-rest. (12)
. 15
35.
Zad. (34)
. 15
36.
Square. (12)
. 16
37.
Plummet. (10)
. 16
38.
Forked lance. (10)
. 16
39.
Ostrich plumes. (11)
. 16
40.
Two plumes, disc and horns. (4) .
. 16
41.
Pair of feathers. (1)
. 17
42.
Rising sun. (3)
. 17
43.
Disc of sun. (2)
. 17
44.
Crowned sun. (1)
. 17
45.
Bark of the moon. (4)
. 17
46.
Stairs. (1)
. 17
47.
Hornet. (-1)
. 17
48.
White crown. (9)
. 17
49.
Red crown. (17)
. 18
50.
Double crown on nf!>. O . . . .
. 18
51.
Vulture and uraeus. O
. 18
52.
Royal crook.
. 18
53.
Royal scourge. (1)
. 18
54.
Shepherd's stick, uas. (10) ....
. 18
55.
Disc mace. (5)
. 18
56.
Pear mace. (20)
. IS
57.
Feathers and scourge. O
. IS
58.
Uraeus serpent. (19)
. 18
59.
Man with palms. (5)
. 1!)
60.
Bound captive. (8)
. 19
61.
Figure with necklaces. (1) .
. 19
CHAPTER V.
AMULETS OF PKOPERTY. (si)
62. Ox head. (18)
63. Cow, legs tied. (7) .
64. Gazelle. (1) .
65. Joint of meat. (1) .
66. Goose or duck. .
67. Dish on mat, hutep. O
68. Altar with cakes. (5)
69. Date. (1)
70. Vase. (16) .
71. Collar. (2) .
72. Clothing. (5).
73. Eoyal head-dress. O
10
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
L'O
20
21
21
CONTENTS
74. Comb. (5) .
75. Spear head. O
76. Writing tablet. (2)
77. Name badge. (5) .
78. Cartouche. (3)
79. Seal. (6)
80. Seal ring. (1)
81. Circle of cord. (2) .
82. Slave figure. (1) .
83.
84.
85.
86.
87.
88.
89.
90.
91.
92.
93.
94.
95.
96.
97.
98.
99.
100.
101.
102.
103.
104.
105.
10G.
107.
108.
109.
110.
111.
112.
113.
114.
115.
116.
117.
118.
119.
120.
121.
122.
123.
124.
125.
126.
127.
128.
129.
130.
131.
132.
133.
134.
135.
136.
137.
CHAPTER VI.
PROTECTIVE AMULETS. (350)
Sun and wings. (2)
Sun and uraei. (2)
Crescent. (8)
Mummy. (2)
Mummy on bier. (4)
Girdle of Isis, that. (23) ....
Scarab, flat base. (32)
Scarab, inscribed. (26)
Pectoral. (7)
Scarab with legs. (50)
Scarab winged. (8)
Vulture standing. (7)
Vulture spread. (4)
Serpent. (7)
Serpent head. (12)
Cobra on case. (8) ......
Amphisbaena on case. (2)
Phagrus eel on case. (3) ....
Lizard on case. (7)
Taurt on case. ( 1 )
Shrew mouse on case. (1)
Horn. (1)
Bone. (3)
Coral. (1)
Cyj/raea shell. (7) .
Nerita shell. (3)
Mitra shell. (2)
C'onus shell. (4) .
Cardium shell. (9)
Meleagrina shell. (12)
Cleopatra shell. (4)
Pectuncuhu shell. (2) .....
Polinices shell. (1)
Cassis shell. (1) .
Murex shell. (1)
Helix shell. (8)
Clanculus shell, (1)
Turbo shell. (1)
Oliva shell. (2)
Terebra shell. (2)
Stone implement. (12)
Bell. (5)
Door bolt. (1)
Seated prince. (2) .
Princess. (2)
Medusa head, (3)
Bulla. (12)
Forehead pendant. (21)
Knotted cord. (7)
Woven charm. (1)
Charm case. (18)
Hypocephalus. (4)
Inscribed stone, Greek. (26) ....
Inscribed stone, non-Greek. (11) .
Cross. (44)
PAD*
21
21
21
21
21
22
22
22
22
22
22
23
23
23
23
23
24
24
24
25
25
25
25
25
26
26
26
26
26
26
26
26
27
27
27
27
27
27
27
27
27
27
27
28
28
28
28
28
28
28
28
28
28
28
28
28
29
29
29
29
30
30
32
32
NO.
138.
139.
140.
141.
142.
143.
144.
145.
146.
147.
148.
149.
150.
151.
152.
153.
154.
155.
156.
157.
158.
159.
160.
161.
162.
163.
164.
165.
166.
167.
168.
169.
170.
171.
172.
173.
174.
175.
176.
177.
178.
179.
CHAPTER VII.
HUMAN-HEADED GODS. (448)
Uzat eye, usual. (86)
,, unusual. (46).
,, multiple. (14).
with gods. (12)
inscribed. (10)
Horus the hunter. (1) .
Horns on crocodiles. (9)
Horus the child. (26) .
Horus on the lotus. (1) .
Head of Horus. (2)
Isis and Horus. (21)
Isis. (17) ....
Isis mourning. (8).
Isis Pharia. (3) .
Isis, Nebhat, and Horus. (6)
Groups of goddesses. (2)
Nebhat. (10) .
Nebhat mourning. (2) .
Osiris, Isis, and Horus. (4) .
Osiris. (13) ....
Heart of Osiris. (18)
Oracular bust. (9) .
Horus and Min. (1)
Min. (11) ....
Amen. (5)
Amen, Mut, and Khonsu. (1)
Mut. (10) ....
Khonsu. (2) .
Anhur. (1) .
Shu. (11) ....
Neit. (3) ....
Unknown deities. (6)
Hathor. (16) ....
Head of Hathor. (7) .
Maot. (1) ....
Hat-inehyt. (2) .
Selket. (2) .
Nefertum. (11)
Ptah Seker. (25) .
Ptah. (5) ....
Dwarf. (2) ....
Saints. (6) ....
CHAPTER VIII.
ANIMAL-HEADED GODS. (^60)
180. Horus. (15) .
181. Ra. (16)
182. Four sons of Ra. (19) .
183. Set. (1) .
184. Sphinx, male. (4) .
185. Sphinx, female. (15)
186. Hathor, cow-headed. (4)
187. Khnumu. (9).
188. Bes. (36)
189. Bes, unusual. (10) .
190. Bes head. (26)
191. Tahuti of Panebes. (1) .
192. Mahes. (8) .
193. Anhur and Tefnut. (2) .
194. Sekhmet or Bastet. (24).
195. Aegis of Bastet. (15)
196. Shu and Tefnut. (3)
197. Anpu. (23) .
198. Upuatu. (1) .
PAOK
32
33
33
33
34
34
34
34
34
35
35
35
35
35
35
35
35
36
36
36
36
, 36
37
37
37
37
37
, 37
37
37
, 37
. 37
. 37
. 38
, 38
38
38
38
38
. 38
. 38
39
39
39
39
40
40
40
40
40
40
41
41
41
41
41
41
42
42
42
42
VI
CONTENTS
199. Jackal-headed archer. (1)
200. Shrewmouse figure. (1) .
201. Sebek. (1)
202. Tehuti. (21)
203. Serpent-headed god. (4) ...
CHAPTER IX.
ANIMAL GODS. (442)
204. Ape standing. (7)
205. Ape seated. (4)
206. Baboon. (12)
207. Apis bull. (10)
208. Hathor cow. (6)
209. Hathor cow on square. (5) .
210. Hathor head. (5)
211. Ram. (11)
212. Ram's head. (21)
213. Hare. (4)
214. Ibex. (2)
215. Barbary sheop. (1) ....
216. Klipspringer. (1)
217. Camel. (1)
218. Hawk-headed sphinx. (1) .
219. Lion. (16)
220. Two lion fore-parts. (7).
221. Lion's head. (4)
222. Lion and bull fore-parts. O .
223. Two bull fore-parts. (3).
224. Cat. (16)
225. Cat in shrine. (2)
226. Two cats on column. (2) ...
227. Cat and kittens (3) ....
228. Set animal. (2)
229. Jackal standing. (5) ....
230. Two jackal heads. (1) .
231. Jackal couchant. (8) ....
232. Shrew mouse. (5)
233. Dog. (6)
234. Pig. (5)
235. Hippopotamus. (5) ....
236. Taurt. (51)
237. Hippopotamus head. (16)
238. Hedgehog. (1)
PACK
42
42
42
42
43
43
43
43
43
44
44
44
44
44
44
45
45
45
45
45
45
45
45
45
45
46
46
46
46
46
46
46
46
46
46
47
47
47
47
47
HO.
239. Turtle. (4)
240. Crocodile. (18)
241. Waran. (1)
242. Lizard. (1)
243. Mt-ntu standard. (7) ...
244. Hawk-headed sphinx. (1) .
245. Hawk, falcon. (59)
246. Ostrich. (1)
247. Ibis. (12)
248. Vulture. (2)
249. Vulture flying. (2) ...
250. Goat-sucker. (2) .
251. Bird heads. (6) ....
252. Coptic birds. (5) .
253. Bird's foot. (1) ....
254. Serpent with arms, Nehebka. (5) .
255. Qarmut, nar. (3) ....
256. Oxyrhynkhos. (1) . .
257. Bulti. (11)
258. Electric fish. (7) .
259. Lepidotos.
260. Scorpion. (4)
261. Green beetle. (6) .
262. Shuttle. (2)
263. Woman with offerings. (1) .
264. Figure in tall head-dress. (1)
265. Figure in long robe. (2)
26H. Figure in pointed cap. (2)
267. Flower. (:i)
268. Palm column. (1) .
269. Bunch of grapes. (1)
270. Flowering reed. (1) ...
271. Seed vessel. (3) ....
272. Unknown. (2) ....
273. Two fingers. (11) .
274. Uncertain pendants. (2)
275. Star. (2)
CHAPTER X.
Positions of amulets
Properties of stones
List of groups of amulets
47
48
48
48
48
48
48
49
49
49
49
49
49
49
49
49
49
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
60
50
50
50
50
50
50
51
61
51
51
51
51
51
52
53
INDEX 55
Vll
LIST OF PLATES
SIMILARS :
I. PARTS OF HUMAN BODY . . 1 17
II. ANIMAL AND VEGETABLE . . 18 26
POWERS :
III. SYMBOLIC HIEROGLYPHS . . 27 35
IV. SYMBOLS OF ABILITY AND AUTHORITY 36 59
PROPERTY :
V. FUNEREAL OFFERINGS
POSSESSIONS .....
VI
[ PROTECTION, CELESTIAL .
PROTECTION :
VII. MUMMY, GIRDLE, FLAT SCARAB
VIII. INSCRIBED SCARAB, BACKS
IX. INSCRIBED SCARAB, FRONTS .
X. PECTORALS
XI. SCARAB WITH LEGS AND WINGS
XII. VULTURE, SERPENT
XIII. CASES FOR REPTILES
XIV. HORN AND SHELLS.
XV. SHELLS, IMPLEMENTS, FIGURES,
BULLAE .....
XVI. FOREHEAD PENDANTS
XVII. KNOTTED CORDS ....
XVIII. KNOTTED CORDS ....
XIX. CORDS, WEAVING, CHARM CASES
XX. HYPOCEPHALI ....
XXI. INSCRIBED STONES, GREEK
XXII. INSCRIBED STONES, NON-GREEK
XXIII. INSCRIBED STONES, SEMITIC, CROSS.
HUMAN GODS :
XXIV. EYE OF HORUS .
XXV. EYE OF HORUS . . . .
XXVI. HORUS, Isis
XXVII. HORUS, Isis, OSIRIS, NEBHAT .
(60, 61) 6272
7482
8385
HUMAN GODS continued.
XXVIII. OSIRIS, HEART OF OSIRIS
XXIX. ORACULAR BUSTS .
XXX. MIN TO NEFERTUM
HUMAN GODS : DWARFS, SADJTS
XXXI.
( ANIMAL-HEADED GODS : HORUS-RA
ANIMAL-HEADED GODS :
8689
XXXVI.
90
90
91
J
XXXVII.
92, 93
94 98
XXXVIII.
XXXIX.
99103
XL.
104114
XLI.
115129
XLII.
130
XLIII.
131
XLIV.
131
XLV.
131133
XLVI.
134
XLVII.
135
XLVIII.
135, 136
136, 137
XLIX.
L.
138141
LI.
138142
LII.
143149
LIII.
149156
LIV.
XXXII. FOUR SONS OF RA
XXXIII. SET, SPHINX, HATHOR, KHNUMU, BBS
XXXIV. BBS, TAHUTI, MAKES .
XXXV. ANHUR WITH TEFNUT, SEKHMET,
BASTET .....
SHU WITH TEFNUT, JACKAL, SEBEK,
TEHUTI
ANIMAL GODS :
APE, BULL, Cow ....
Cow, SHEEP, HARE, LION
LION, CAT, JACKAL
SHREW MOUSE, DOG, PIG, HIPPO-
POTAMUS ....
REPTILES, BIRDS ....
BIRDS ......
ANIMAL GODS, AND VARIOUS OBJECTS
ADDENDA.
ADDENDA.
ADDENDA.
ADDENDA.
LISTS OF AMULETS, MACGREGOR PAPY-
RUS AND DENDEREH.
BRONZE GNOSTIC AMULET .
PLANS OF AMULETS ON MUMMIES
PLANS OF AMULETS ON MUMMIES
PLANS OF AMULETS ON MUMMIES
PLANS OF AMULETS ON MUMMIES
INDEX TO AMULETS IN POSITION.
157, 158
159
160176
176179
180, 181
182
183188
189192
193195
196203
204209
210219
220231
232237
238245
245262
263274
135aa
15
612
1318
1924
A.
It is intended that this volume shall be the first of a series
dealing with various branches of Egyptian Archaeology, based upon
the collection at University College.
In the succeeding volumes, the Scarabs, Cylinders, Button Seals,
Tools, Glass, Beads and other subjects will be discussed and illus-
trated, with reference also to other collections.
AMULETS
CHAPTER I
THE PRINCIPLES OF AMULETS
1. THE present study of Egyptian amulets is based upon
the University College collection, which I have tried to
make as varied as possible ; some two hundred and seventy
different kinds of amulets are here described, together with
a summary of those in some other collections, in order to
show the numbers and the materials of which amulets
were usually made. To understand the purpose of these
amulets, it is needful to gain some general ideas from the
use of amulets in other lands. The belief in the magic
effect of inanimate objects on the course of events is one of
the lower stages of the human mind in seeking for principles
of natural action ; it belongs to a condition of the intellect
so low as to be incapable of clear reason about cause and
effect. Yet it has become so ingrained a habit of thought
during the vast ages before observation and induction were
developed, that it survives the rise of knowledge and reason-
ing among most people. The use of amulets is by no
means equally general in all races ; the lowest of mankind
the Tasmanians had great confidence in the power of
amulets, the Shilluks of the Sudan wear them in a bunch,
the Arabs have great faith in charms which are worn, and
Southern Italy in our own, as in Pliny's time abounds in
amulets. Strange to say, a large part of the children of the
lower classes in England wear them ; and the extent to
which persons of supposed education will wear charms and
mascots is an extraordinary revelation of the real fatuity
and savagery of the mind of modern man. Yet other races
seem early to have abandoned such thoughtless beliefs.
The Veddahs and the Algerians apart from Arab influence
avoid amulets, and there is no allusion to amulets in the
minute personal details of the Icelandic and Norse Sagas.
What is now required is an ethnological study of diffusion
of amulets, which might throw light on the connections of
various peoples.
2. What is an amulet, and why is it used ? The name still
defines it very well after two thousand years, and shows one
line of diffusion of the idea. The Arabic hamulet, a freight,
burden, or thing carried, has passed in ancient times into
the west, as it had originated the Latin amuletus as early as
the time of Pliny. It seems most likely that the name
had travelled with the Phoenicians, as they were the only
source of Semitic words in the western seas before the
Roman age ; perhaps Carthage was the intermediary. The
amulet therefore means something carried about by the
wearer, in order to get some magical benefits from it, apart
from any material use. In Egypt such amulets were also
put upon the dead for benefiting them in a future
existence; and we can hardly deny the name to some kinds
of objects copied from personal amulets, and set up
stationary in the house. In the records of amulets there is
a great confusion with actual medicines, which we should
nowadays recognise as acting by natural causes. The
line between Nature and magic has been but very slowly
defined ; and what we look on as mere superstitions were
regarded as soundly logical remedies two thousand, or
even two hundred, years ago. In extracting ideas from
ancient writers it is therefore needful to set aside all internal
remedies, and some external ones which might be actually
medicinal.
3. The meaning of each of the amulets, and the purpose
for which it was carried, is here considered, as that is the
real spirit and essence of the subject. Merely to catalogue
amulets without any regard to their meaning, is much like
collecting pretty shells without knowing anything of the
creatures which produce them. The recent works of
Prof. Bellucci, of Perugia, on the Italian amulets ancient
and modern have set an excellent example of the intelli-
gent study of the subject. A paper by Cornm. Boni should
be noted for its wide view (Nuova Antologia, October 1st,
1912). Various general principles of the purpose of amulets
have been proposed, or might be considered. But, so far,
the different theories have not been weeded by means of the
test of actual instances. There may have been several
different principles or starting points for the adoption of
amulets, or possibly only one broad idea has developed in
various ways. To get some insight upon this, it is
necessary to try how far different instances can be explained
by each view.
THE PRINCIPLES OF AMULETS
4. The explanations that are the more obvious are five:
(A) The psychic effect of giving confidence and self-
reliance, and the intent to live ; with the result that the
wearer would be thus fortified to steer through dangers
without faltering, or would be saved from that terrible
weakening due to fear, which often kills men as surely as
knife or poison kills. To possess a charm which would
defy tabu would be a vast advantage in lower forms of
culture.
(B) The direction of thought to any physical weakness
or disease, may have a very beneficial effect on illness ; and
the possession of an amulet supposed to benefit the patient,
may easily act as a faith-healer and promote real recovery.
(C) The idea of a double or alter ego of different organs,
connected with them in a mystic way, may be a purpose of
amulets. In the tale of Anpu and Bata, the heart of Bata
is set in a tree, and anything that happens to it happens
also to him. So it might be imagined that a kidney-stone,
a blood-stone, an eye-stone, or various other objects
supposed to be connected with different organs, would by
the care and attention paid to them have a reflex action in
strengthening the organ involved.
(D) The provision of a vicarious double, to which evils
and diseases may be transferred from the body. An object
resembling the disease, or a model of the organ, might be
supposed to receive the attacks of the malignant spirits to
whom diseases are usually credited, and so save the real
person.
(E) The influence often called "sympathetic magic"
which might perhaps best be named " the doctrine of
similars." Objects which have a similarity one to another,
are supposed to be necessarily connected ; they are in touch
with the abstract quality or influence which has to be
evoked : they generally act by producing a similarity in
the person, but otherwise by averting a similarity, on the
plea that the event has already taken place, and cannot
therefore happen again.
No doubt the great majority of charms and amulets
recorded by writers, have merely been selected by reason of
casual connection. When any unusual event happened
good or bad the person looked for some cause in his own
surroundings ; and if he carried, or did, anything unusual,
it was naturally connected with the event. Then, no doubt,
there was much theorizing from very mixed assumptions,
in order to construct a charm for a given purpose. How
far human folly can go in such a way anyone may see in
the tangible field of medicine by referring to ancient
prescriptions.
When we look at the various possible motives for the use
of amulets stated above, we may doubt whether any one
motive can account for the whole system, or whether
several different motives have not been followed. Can all
examples come under one explanation ? or how many
explanations are needful ?
5. The only way to study this is to select test instances,
and see whether there be cases which can be explained by
only one motive, or only by another. To this we proceed.
(A) The Confidence theory will explain such cases as the
wearing of part of a bear in order to give strength (Eskimo),
a leopard's claw to protect from wild beasts (Central Africa),
dog's teeth to protect from a mad dog (Italy), a figure of a
siren for security (It.), a lizard with a forked tail to get
luck (It.), and the wearing of written charms. But each
of these examples can equally be explained by (E), the effect
of similars.
Other examples, such as a serpent's skin worn to guard
against the bite of reptiles, might be explained by (C), (D)
or (E). Further examples are the figure of a heart worn
for heart disease (It.), a lump of red coral for menstrua-
tion (It.), concretions and inclusions in stone for pregnancy
(It.), which might be equally well explained on any of the
five theories.
(B) The Faith theory, or the effect of thought-directing,
will explain cases such as the fish worn for fecundity (It.),
or the bat's head worn to prevent sleep (PLINY, xxx, 48) ;
but these may equally be explained by (E), as cases of the
effect of similars. The use of galactitis, a soft white stone
worked up into a milky diffusion in water, and taken
internally for lactation (PLINY, xxxvii, 59), might be
explained by (D) or (E). Other cases which might equally
be explained by (C), (D) or (E) are the wearing of a red
stone of any kind against bleeding ; a milk-white stone for
lactation; the Dentalium shell for teething; the nephrite
stone for the kidneys ; the operculum of a shell (" eye of
S. Lucia ") for the eyes ; an ivory ball like a breast, for
lactation ; a white and cold ivory tablet for fever (all in
Italy) ; the bones of animals' heads for headache (PLINY,
xxix, 36) ; the wearing of the yellow Lyncurion stone for
jaundice (PLINY, xxxvii, 13), or a tooth for toothache (PLINY,
xxviii, 27).
There is another kind of thought-directing, which must
not be confounded with the above. Not only may the
patient's thoughts be usefully directed, but also the
dangerous thoughts of another person may be diverted away
from the person who dreads them, by his wearing some
object to distract the attention. In prehistoric times this
was done in Egypt by a bright white piece of shell hung on
the forehead ; in one case a bright piece of sheet copper
was used. In modern times women wear in Egypt a bright
gilt tubular ornament down the middle of the forehead ; and
in Darnaraland a chief's daughter wore a disc of shell, hung
so that she could swing it over either eye (GALTON, Travels
in South Africa, ed. 1890, p. 63). For the same purpose
are the principal amulets against the evil eye in Italy. A
facetted rock crystal, or even a bottle stopper, serves to catch
the eye and thought of an observer and divert them from
the wearer. Similarly the attention is easily diverted to
sexual models, both kinds of which are reputed to be
powerful protectors. The unquestionable truth of this
thought-directing away from the patient has no bearing
THE PRINCIPLES OF AMULETS
upon the reality of the beneficial direction of the patient's
own thoughts, or the Faith theory.
(C) The Double theory, or alter ego, according to which
an external double of an organ is so bound up with it that
benefits to one are conferred on both, will account for most
of the cases named. But where the wearer is unconscious
of the amulet, as a tooth worn for teething (Italy, PLINY,
xxviii, 78), the foregoing theories, (A), (B), could not hold
good, but only the following, (D), (E).
(D) The Vicarious theory supposes that a model worn
will receive the attacks of spirits and ward them off the
actual person. This as we have noticed will account for
most of the preceding cases. There are, however, some
amulets which are specially to be thus explained, such as
the placing of lead amulets on swine to avert suppuration
and vermin, the dull, sluggish metal hindering the sluggish
evils (It.) ; the use of amber which has motes in it, or a
white opacity, for the benefit of the eyes (It.) ; the wearing
of a tongue of a hyaena or a dog in the shoe to prevent dogs
barking (PLINY, xxvii, 42 ; xxix, 82) ; the use of a chilly
frog against the chill of fever (PLINY, xxxii, 38) ; the well-
known heart or image pricked with pins or stabbed : all of
these may be looked on as vicarious, or else as (E),
similars.
Somewhat like this is the scape-goat idea of a victim to
carry away the evil, as in the transfer of scorpion poison by
speaking in an ass's ear (PLINY, xxviii, 42), or the spitting
on a frog which is liberated to remove a cough (PLINY, xxxii,
29).
6. All of the examples of the above theories of amulets
we have seen to be equally compatible with
(E) The doctrine of Similars, according to which objects
which are closely alike have such a connection that power
over one, or possession of one, enables the wearer to
influence the other or to command like qualities. Here we
at once find many cases which are explained by this belief,
but which are not touched by any of the four preceding
explanations or theories. One of the most instructive
accounts of amulets is that by EASMUSSEN, describing the
Eskimo in The People of the Polar North. The extreme
simplicity and directness of the ideas, and the absence of
any magical or theistic complication renders this a classical
example of the doctrine of Similars. The amulet confers
qualities or protects from danger ; and excepting the first
case which might be explained on the Confidence theory (A)
these examples can only be reasonably accounted for as
Similars. The amulets are : the skin from the roof of
the mouth of a BEAR, worn in a child's cap in order to be
strong in danger ; the head or feet of a HAWK, sewn in a
boy's clothes in order that he may become a great hunter ;
a black GUILLEMOT'S foot, worn to become great whalers ; a
RAVEN'S foot, worn to be satisfied with little ; a head of a FOX,
worn to be cunning and guarded ; the head of a KITTIWAKE
(which lays small epgs) put in a girl's clothes that she may
give birth to small children ; a piece of a HEARTHSTONE,
which is durable and stronger than fire, worn to give long
life and strength ; a PEBBLE, which drops swiftly from a high
rock, put on the necks of puppies that they may be fleet and
strong ; the skin of a LITTLE AUK caught fighting put on a
dog that he may be a. fighter,
In the Ileinwkringla (MAONUSSON and MORBIS, i, 55 6),
there is one of the nearest instances to an amulet in Norse
writing : " Swipdag let take the heart out of a wolf, and
roast it on a spit, and gave it thereafter to Ingiald, the
king's son, to eat ; and thenceforth became he the grimmest
of all men, and the evillest hearted." This is essentially an
instance of Similars.
In Italy the very common use of flint arrowheads or fossil
teeth called " thunderstones " to protect from lightning, or
serpentine to protect from serpents (also PLINY, xxxvi, 11),
can only be explained by Similars. The same idea is shown
by putting a dragon's head under the door-sill for good
fortune (PLINY, xxix, 20), i.e., trampling on evil influences;
also by the frog, transfixed so that it cannot move away, to
ensure faithfulness (PuNY, xxxii, 18) ; while the effect of
opposites is shown by the hairs of a she-mule worn for
fertility (PLINY, xxx, 49). A complex amulet of watchful
animals is that of the eyes of river crabs, wrapped with the
ilesh of a nightingale in a deer's skin, to give watchfulness
(PLINY, xxxii, 38).
From these various examples of charms and amulets,
which are compatible with the different theories that we
have considered, it appears that though some are consistent
with each of the theories, yet no theory will explain all of
them excepting Jhe theory of Similars, otherwise called
Sympathetic Magic. Other theories may give the explana-
tion of some cases ; they cannot be disproved as modes of
thought. But every case which we have recounted as
critical evidence can be the result of beliefs in Similars ;
and until some different class of beliefs can be proved to
have existed, it is only legitimate to accept that belief as
the underlying cause of all the uses of amulets which are
generally recognised.
7. There is also another class of amulets, which the
wearer regards as entirely individual, and which result from
a casual observation of what happens to the person when
certain objects are present. This is a lower form of belief
than that in the general applicability of an amulet ; it pre-
supposes no law, but a chance connection which is wholly
unaccountable. Yet strange to say this least intel-
lectual form of belief is that which appears commonest
at present in " mascots," carried by various classes of
illogical persons. When we try to see some underlying
cause for such a savage survival we may observe that the
occupations of the wearers are those which seem most to
depend on chance, and least on continuous will. Actors,
gamesters and aviators, as well as motor racers, cling to
amulets, and all are dependent upon conditions which are
not obviously in their own control. We may smile at the
use of basilisk blood to gain success in petitions (PLINY,
B2
THE PRINCIPLES OF AMULETS
xxix, 19,) ; but it was more reasonable to believe in some
general law on the matter than to believe in the effect of a
man smoking a cigar opposite a theatre door to gain a
profitable audience for the play. We may not believe in
a star-fish smeared with foxes' blood, and nailed with copper
nails over a door to repel evil (PLINY, xxxii, 16) ; but we see
an ex-prime minister wearing a swastika for luck, and
talking heartily about it to uneducated boys. While no one
now wears the right shoulder of a chamaeleon to ensure
victory (PLINY, xxviii, 29), we yet read of aviators wearing
particular trinkets for their safety. On the whole the
power of irrational belief seems to have gained, rather than
lost its hold in modern times.
8. The primitive mode of thought seems unchanged by
all that has past. The untamed mind of man appears to
be continually feeling vaguely for different avenues to
success ; reason is so little developed that benefit seems
only to be reached by trying blindly in all directions. I
have often been surprised at the helpless way in which
Egyptians will do things on the chance of success. They
will follow some vague rumour perhaps at third-hand of
a benefit or a gain, merely to see if any good result comes.
It seems like the white ants making tunnels in all
directions, on the chance of hitting something to eat,
without any guide from the senses. This incessant
vague searching, whenever it succeeds, produces a belief
that any casual connection with other incidents is a real
cause of success ; the least intelligent think that their
success is only individual to them, and cling to any
tangible link as a "mascot" ; the more intelligent seek
for some law, and frame one of the innumerable gene-
ralities about wolves' tongues, dragons' tails, or serpents'
eggs, which choke the pages of Pliny and many other old
writers.
This subject of individual amulets, or " mascots," does
not belong to our present work ; the distinction should
however be observed between this and the general amulet,
and we should regard the difference of the much lower grade
of superstition from which it originates. The individual
amulet regards only chance connection without any law or
reason ; the general amulet is in the first groping stage of
the acquisition of general laws, which eventually lead to the
orderly view of organic nature. Both are absurd to anyone
with the least real knowledge ; yet the one is hopelessly
animistic, while the other shows the sense of law, even
if entirely misapplied.
9. When we read the pages of Pliny regarding ancient
Italy, or Bellucci about modern Italy, we perceive how
largely organic objects are adopted as amulets. These, in
the nature of things, have been but rarely preserved for
long ; and even when found their meaning is not easily
recognised. A mere twig of a tree, or a scrap of fur might
be casually left in a grave without a meaning ; while a
carefully wrought stone or pottery object is clearly
intentional. Hence we find what is in any case but a small
part of the whole mass of amulets that have been in use.
The nature of the beliefs in such things is doubtless
in continual flux like all matters which have not been fixed
by reduction to a written form. We can hardly realise
how the thoughts of early man must have been incessantly
shifting and changing their form, like an amoeba. We are
so accustomed to reduce ideas to a written definition, which
perpetuates them unaltered until they are entirely out of
date, and passed by in further growth, that we cannot feel
the sense of all ideas fluctuating with the individual. A
popular belief, such as that in amulets and charms is one
of the last things to be fixed by writing, and hence it has
been exposed longer to the waves of changing thoughts.
Even Roman law was not crystallized into writing till well
into the historic age ; and at the other end of the scale of
certainties such vague beliefs as those in amulets must
have been continually shifting.
10. In Italy at present we see the result of a long course of
decay of beliefs. Of all the purposes of amulets, very nearly
half are against the evil eye, and these are most incongruous
in their nature shells, claws, horn, teeth, toads, crescents,
crystal, agate, madrepore everything seems equally
applicable. This great variety must have originated in very
different ideas of connection ; the purposes must have been
very diverse originally. But all have been blended into
one general idea of averting the ill will of another person ;
and this has passed further into the stage of averting mere
ill-luck brought by another person without any intention.
Such a jumble of different beliefs into one generality shows
that there has been a long time for the details to be
forgotten, and for one vague idea to be substituted for the
specific observations of chances, out of which a multitude
of beliefs had arisen.
CHAPTER II
EGYPTIAN AMULETS
11. The subject of Egyptian amulets is one that appeals
both to the reader of folk lore, as well as to the Egyptologist,
and hence it is needful here to deal with some elementary
details which may not be familiar to one side or to the other.
The whole subject of amulets is an immense one, and
there is no general work of reference giving the ideas of
various lands. Nor is this intended to deal with other
than Egyptian amulets, though many collateral examples
EGYPTIAN AMULETS
are here introduced in order to explain them, and to
illustrate their use. Studying thus with a past civilisation
we are almost cut off from the largest class of amulets, those
of animal and vegetable nature, so that this point of view
here is but a partial one. On the other hand the Egyptian
was so industrious in imitation, and believed so completely
in the virtue of models, that he carried out his ideas in
imperishable material more widely than any other people.
The great variety of over two hundred and seventy different
amulets used in Egypt, and the amount of light thrown on
them by statements of their properties, or descriptive names,
renders Egypt one of the most favourable lands for a
general study of the subject.
12. In handling a subject which ramifies so widely, we
must begin by some definitions and limitations. The
principle of amuletic virtue extends to most of the
sepulchral remains of the Egyptians. The model offer-
ings, pictorial scenes of life, and ushabti figures of slave
workers, provided in the tomb, are all based on the
principle of Similars ; such necessarily differ from amulets
worn by the living in their being more extensive, and not
suspended from the person. As for the dead, so also for
the living, there are some classes of amulets numerous
enough to form whole subjects in themselves, apart from their
amuletic aspect ; such are the scarabs with royal names,
with other personal names, with charms, and with devices
of unknown purport ; also the plaques with similar devices,
and the foreign class of button seals. Each of these classes
is so important and numerous that we cannot include them in
a detailed account with other amulets. Nor is it possible to
divide between amulets for the living and for the dead, though
many kinds belong exclusively to one or other category.
In general any object with a means of suspension on the
person, and not of immediate use or ornament, must be
classed as an amulet. The figures of the gods with loops for
suspension we include as amulets, while those which were
stood on a base must be treated along with all other images
of divinities. Unfortunately the detail of the suspending ring
or hole is not noted in catalogues ; where following descrip-
tions, I have therefore accepted all figures under two inches
high ('05 m.) as amulets, and left larger figures apart. The
great development of amulets for the dead is peculiar to
Egypt ; elsewhere they are found, but not with such variety
and detail. In China the substitutes of paper or pottery figures
of slaves, and paper dollars, is of the same purpose ; but the
great extent of symbolic amulets in Egypt is unparalleled.
13. The stages of the growth of the amulet system in
Egyptian burials can be historically traced more completely
than elsewhere. (1) In the earliest graves, such as the pre-
historic, whole objects were buried. (2) In the later pre-
historic and early historic time, the objects were deliberately
broken or " killed." (8) In the early dynasties models of
objects appaar ; besides the jars of grain there are small
model granaries ; besides the jars of beer and joints of meat
here are models of food ; and, in the Xth Xlth dynasties,
besides the tomb there is the model of a dwelling house and
furniture. (4) Beginning in the early pyramid age there
are the sculptured objects in relief, where the master is
portrayed as "beholding " all his farm and servants in full
activity, and hunting in the desert or on the river. (5) As
the model was succeeded by the relief, so that was succeeded
in turn by the painting, beginning in the Vlth dynasty,
and fully developed in the Xllih. (6) Symbols were then
substituted for the objects such as the model altar, or vase,
or food, placed as an amulet with the body. (7) Besides
amuletic substitutions for real objects, amulets were
adapted to confer powers, such as the crowns, or sceptres, or
verbal charms stating that the deceased was a god and must
be obeyed as such. The wish to have actual objects buried
still lasts in Egypt where food and even a bed may be
placed with the dead. In England the same feeling is by
no means extinct, as in 1912 a boot maker ordered that
there should be buried with him a last, hammer, nails,
unfinished boots and a piece of leather.
It appears that we must define amulets broadly as objects
worn by the living, without any physical use but for magical
benefits, or placed with the dead, or sat up in the house for
its magical protection, apart from deities for household
worship.
14. The material used for the present study is mainly
the collection which I have made during the last thirty
years in Egypt, now taken over by University College. At
first a collection purchased by a visitor or worker in
Egypt is naturally miscellaneous and casual ; gradually
certain lines claim more interest, and besides the main
pursuit of scarabs, tools, technical work, weights, and
pottery, the curious variety of out-of-the-way amulets has
proved attractive. Further information was also obtained
from the regular excavations as to the positions in which
amulets are found upon the body, and the detailed accounts of
such here recorded are almost the only observations 3 r et pub-
lished on this matter. The dates of various amulets were
also obtained from excavations, and in this as in other
subjects the miscellaneous material purchased is immensely
enhanced in its meaning and interest by the precise infor-
mation gathered in scientific work. While the commoner
amulets are illustrated by splendid examples in the national
collections, there is no series nearly as complete as the
present one for the rarer and more obscure amulets, only
ten being absent.
Besides this collection many early discoveries and pur-
chases of mine went to Miss Edwards for her collection,
bequeathed to University College ; these, along with other
objects from my excavations that have been presented to
the college, are all included in the present catalogue. In
order to preserve a record, the number of examples in the
original Edwards collection is marked E, and those added
by the Petrie collection and discoveries are marked P. Of
course, nothing resembling finality is possible in this, or any
other, branch of archaeology ; but the time has come for
EGYPTIAN AMULETS
taking stock of the subject, classifying the various details,
and making a platform for planning further investigations
and seeing clearly the value of any fresh information.
Other collections have been referred to, partly from
catalogues published, such as the excellent ones of Turin,
St. Petersburg, and Cairo. The difficulty in using such is
the defect of some information ; in the Turin and
St. Petersburg catalogues the details of form are often
vague ; in the Cairo catalogue the drawings are ample, but
the nature of the material is very imperfectly stated. Of
the British Museum there is no detailed catalogue, and the
excessive reflection from double glass often makes the
material indistinguishable. It is hoped that the photo-
graphs here given of nearly all examples, and the definition
of the material, will leave but few uncertainties. It should
be noted that in many types this collection has been
severely weeded, so as to omit duplicates where of no
additional importance ; whereas the national collections, by
their conditions, are swelled by numerous duplicates, kept
for their beauty and attractiveness, or obtained as part
of large acquisitions. The scientific value of a collection
depends upon the scope and variety of it, rather than on the
brilliance of particular specimens.
15. In the treatment of this catalogue, the figures which
may have diverse meanings such as the vulture are
nevertheless classed together, as it would be difficult, or
impossible, to determine in all cases which was the intended
meaning. Such figures are therefore placed under the first
important heading to which any of them may refer, with
cross-references from other headings. It is needless to give
minute verbal descriptions or dimensions, when the photo-
graphs are before the reader, and are of the actual size,
except in a very few instances which are specially noted.
The first principle of a modern catalogue is to have full and
clear pictures of every object, and then to build upon that
such description as is needful to supplement the picture.
Unhappily all existing catalogues including that of Cairo
have begun at the wrong end, with a verbal description
supplemented by a picture. The modern conditions of
illustrations developed in the last few years have com-
pletely reversed the old idea, and there is no excuse now for
burdening a reader with a description of what can be
grasped with a tenth of the time and thought in a picture.
The principle of the arrangement of this catalogue is
that it should follow the real life of the subject the mean-
ing attached to each amulet rather than any external
feature of form or material. These meanings of the amulets
are given by various sources ; principally by (A) the chapters
of the Book of the Dead which refer to the amulets ; (B)
the very full list of seventy-five amulets, with their explana-
tory names, in a papyrus of that Book, belonging to the
Rev. William MacGregor, which is here transcribed from
the photograph published by Dr. CAPAET (Z. A. S. xlv, 14) ;
(C) the analysis of the objects represented upon coffins in
Cairo, published by M. LACAU (Sarcophagea anteneurs au
nouvel Empire, 1904, Cairo) ; (D) various scattered allusions
and mythological references and figures ; and (E) references
from other countries, which may help us to understand
the ideas when no explanation remains in Egypt.
16. The amulets named in the MacGregor papyrus are
each stated to be of gold, which is omitted in the copy here
given. There is also a list of amulets of Osiris given on the
upper part of the temple of Dendereh, and copied here
(pi. xlviii) from the publication by MABIETTB, Dendereh,
iv, 87. They are there classed according to their material,
and after each name of material a dividing line is here
inserted. The materials named are Uher or Heru, which,
by the nature of the amulets and coming first, is probably
gold, perhaps a form of the Greek Khrusos. An. en. deb,
probably " stone of Edfu" ; the house sign in Mariette's copy
is probably the square block of stone. Mefkat, MefkatAmen,
Meflcat o/Kharu (Syria) : this was a green mineral in general,
including turquoise, malachite, and probably chrysocolla: that
from Amen was probably western, from Kharu, Syrian.
Neshen is green felspar. Kartef? of Rutennu (Syria),
unknown. Sef. s. taken ? Sef is the name of white quartz
(Kennard tablet), and tahcn is amethyst ; this is therefore
amethystine quartz. Sliestcb, a late form of Khesdeb, lazuli.
Kes. ankh, alabaster. Qo or Qedu is unknown, another form
is Qy ; being used for the plummet and square which are
usually of haematite, this was probably the material. Seher,
the "charming" stone, is unknown. So also is liehet.
Khencm is usually jasper, as it is the material of the girdle
tie amulet, but it is sard on the Kennard tablet. The
reference numbers of the amulets in this volume are put
below each column.
17. On examining the two hundred and seventy different
kinds of amulets found in Egypt, there are only about a
dozen which remain unclassed, and without any known
meaning ; these are dealt with last of all. The various
ascertained meanings may be completely put in order under
five great classes, in which the amulets are here arranged.
These are (I) the amulets of Similars, which are for influenc-
ing similar parts, or functions, or occurrences, for the wearer :
(II) the amulets of Powers, for conferring powers and
capacities, especially upon the dead : (III) the amulets of
Properly, which are entirely derived from the funeral
offerings, and are thus peculiar to Egypt : (IV) the amulets
for Protection, such as charms and curative amulets : (V) the
figures of Gods, connected with the worship of the gods
and their functions.
As international names are desirable in dealing with any
scientific classification, and one word is preferable to a
description when handling a subject, it is best to have a
proper name for each class, independent of English. The
Similars may be termed Homopoeic (from o/*o?, like, or same,
and iroifia, I do, or make) ; the amulets of Powers we call
Dynatic(hom Swarog, able, powerful, adequate) ; the Property
amulets Ktematic (from KT%ia, goods, possessions) ; the Pro-
tective amulets, Phylactic (from $uAa/mKos, fitted to guard,
6
EGYPTIAN AMULETS
familiar in the term " phylacteries ") ; and the amulets of
Gods, Theophoric (from fcos, god, and $opo, I bear, or wear).
Our classes then are called here amulets of
Similars, or Homopoeic.
Powers, or Dynatic.
Property, or Ktematic.
Protection, or Phylactic.
Gods, or Theophoric.
Of these classes the Similars are undoubtedly the most
primitive, being found among races like the Eskimo who
have no other amulets, and being the basis of the Italian
ideas of amulet. The Powers and Property amulets are
entirely Egyptian, and originate with the models of the
funeral furniture, arising, therefore, after the development
of the funeral system. The Protective amulets are a later
class, depending on quasi-medical ideas, or verbal incanta-
tions or prayers written down. Lastly, the figures of Gods
belong to the age of a developed theology. The list of all
these amulets of each class is here given, in the Contents of
this volume. For purpose of reference each kind of amulet
has a number assigned to it, the same in the text and in
the plates; each separate specimen shown has a letter
added to the number as 6k, 154c, and duplicates which are
here stated without illustration have a second number as
6k2, or 15*c 3.
The transliteration of Egyptian is that followed in the
Student's History, except that the arm, din is rendered by
its historical equivalent o. For the reed, a is continued, as
its written equivalent is aleph whenever rendered in Semitic
names, and the value i or y is a theoretical early stage,
of which not a single transliteration is known. The golden-
headed vulture is short 5. For very familar names the
usual forms are retained, as Isis, Horus, Ra, etc.
In the record of specimens, groups are numbered which
have been found together ; a list of such groups is placed
at the end of the volume.
SYSTEM OF THE CATALOGUE
Name, is the ancient Egyptian name, with reference
when not in dictionaries.
Meaning, is the Egyptian meaning if known ; also that in
other lands for comparison.
Period, is stated in dynasties, I to XXX.
Figures, describes the figures in the plates from amulets
in University College. The number of the class of amulet
is stated : the following letter refers to the specific example ;
where a number follows the letter it refers to duplicates of
the lettered examples, not usually figured in the plates.
Material, includes the total number of examples of each
material in this collection and in others which have been
published or noted. One new term is used for indurated
rnud or ash, which is of the composition of slate, but with-
out a slatey fracture. As no usual word was available, it is
here called Durite ; it has been usually confounded with the
fused rock, basalt.
Collection, states the number of examples in each collec-
tion, to show how far common the amulet is. Univ. Coll.
refers to the collection at University College, London,
catalogued here ; after it with P. is stated the number
collected by Petrie, with E. the number by Miss Edwards,
mainly also collected by Petrie.
The principal books referred to are :
BELL. BBLLUCCI, Dr. Giuseppe, Catalogo . . . della
Collezione inviata all' esposizione . . . di Torino. 1898.
104 pp.
Am. BELLUCCI. Gli Amuleti. Perugia, 1908. 64 pp.,
86 fig.
Fet. BELLUCCI. II Feticismo primitive in Italia. Peru-
gia, 1907. 158 pp., 74 fig.
LANZ. LANZONE, E. V. Dizionario di Mitologia Egizia.
1312 pp., 408 pi.
LACAU. LACAU, Sarcopliages anterieurs au nouvel Empire.
1904.
Alnwick. BIRCH, S., Catalogue of Egyptian Antiquities at
Alnwick. 1880.
Cairo. KEISNER, G., Catalogue of Amulets. Cairo
Museum. 1908.
Edinburgh. MURRAY, M. A., Catalogue of Egyptian
Antiquities in National Museum. 1900.
Price. PRICE, HILTON, Catalogue of Egyptian Antiquities.
1897.
St. Petersburg. GOLENISCHEFF, W. Erinitagc Imperial.
Inventaire de la Collection Egyptiennc. 1891. 386 pp.
Turin. LANZONE, R. V. Regio Musco di Torino. Anti-
chita Egizie. 1882. 484 pp.
The Athens collection is from my notes. The Murch
collection (now in New York) is from the notes of Mr. A. C.
Mace.
CHAPTEE III
AMULETS OF SIMILARS
HOMOPOEIC AMULETS, 126.
THIS class of amulets is the most primitive in its nature,
but in Egypt it was mainly adapted to the service of the
dead. In order that the various functions of life should be
continued, models of the different parts of the body were
placed with the mummy. Thus the amulets would ensure
the seeing, hearing, taste, force to act, use of the hands
and the feet, and other functions. Other similars would
ensure growth and flourishing, watchfulness, and protection
from wild beasts. In this way the safety, well-being, and
activity of the dead in a future life were secured by the
appropriate similar placed with the body. These amulets
are classed here as parts of the body, from the head down-
ward (1 17), and then the animal figures which would
ensure the welfare of the body (1826).
1. HEAD BEARDED.
Name. Tep is the name of the bearded head from the
earliest times. In the hieroglyph the beard is turned up
at the end, like the beard of the men of Punt, and the hair
is worn long ; this seems to be an earlier type than that of
the historic Egyptian.
Meaning. The chief or head-man, but possibly referring,
as an amulet, to the power of the senses.
Varieties. A, single face. B, face front and back. C,
head and shoulders.
Period. XXV Ptolemaic (?).
Figures. la, blue-green glaze, bluer in hollows, flat
back, loop broken from top ; lb, yellow green glaze, face
front and back, notch between two beards ; Ic, amber head
(of child ? ) and shoulders. See as lb from Saft, in
Hyksos and Israelite Cities, xxxvii a.
Materials. Green glaze 2, Ic Amber.
Collection. Univ. Coll. P. 3.
2. FACE.
Name. Her means the face, always figured front view,
with a short, wide beard, different from that of Tep. See
the foreign figure in Hierakonpolis, pi. i.
Meaning. While as a hieroglyph it means "facing" or
" over-against," it is probably used as an amulet of the
power of the senses.
Varieties and Period. In the Old Kingdom it is usually
roughly cut in carnelian or sard. In Roman times it is
made in black steatite without a neck.
Figure*. 2a, carnelian, group 1 ; 2b, carnelian, group 2 ;
2b 2, green felspar, group 9 ; 2c, carnelian, group 3 ; 2d, e,
bone, group 5; 2f, blue glaze, group 12; 2f 2, carnelinn,
group 7 (2a to f about Vlth dynasty); 2g, blue glaze,
black lines, XVIIIth dynasty ; 2h, onyx rudely cut as a face,
Roman ('?); 2j, black steatite, Roman ; 2k, 1, pi. xliv, black
steatite, Roman.
Materials. Carnelian 10, Black steatite 3, Blue glaze 2,
Bone 2, Green felspar 1, Onyx 1.
Collections. Univ. Coll. P. 23, Murch 6, British
Museum 3.
3. UZAT EVE.
Name. The tuat eye is that of Horns, the markings
below it being derived from the feather pattern on a hawk's
cheeks.
Meaning. As the eye of Horns it will be dealt with
under 138 to 142. Here it is to be included as being
placed upon the left side of the coffin, opposite to the head,
in order that the deceased might have the power of seeing
out. The deceased being identified with Horus, he is able
to see by means of the eye of the god.
Varieties. Sometimes inlaid with obsidian, white lime-
stone, lazuli, blue glass, or copper, in the wood of the coffin.
Otherwise painted on the coffin.
Period. Inlaid in XHth dynasty, from Assyut 28,118
(Cairo), from Dahshur 28,100 (Cairo); painted in IVth,
Tarkhan ; and Xllth, Rifeh (Manchester) (Gizeh and
Rifeh, pi. x a) ; and many in Cairo.
4. EYE.
Name. Ari.
Meaning. The power of sight.
Varieties. Single, or three together.
Period. XXIII (?), Roman.
Figures. 4a, green glaze ; 4a 2, gold foil found at Ha wara,
Roman ; 4b, blue-green glaze ; 4b 2, same ; 4b 3, same, in a
square.
Materials. Green glaze 4, Gold 1.
Collection. Univ. Coll. P. 3, E. 1.
A.
AMULETS OF SIMILARS
5. EAR.
Name. Mes-zer, " Producing the distant," a functional
name.
Meaning. The power of hearing; when a mummy
amulet, for conferring hearing ; when on a prayer tablet,
for gaining the ear of the god.
Varieties. A, simple ear. B, ear incised on a tablet.
Period. XVIII.
Figures. 5a, b, blue glaze, flat back, pierced with hole
for suspension ; Sa 2, full blue glaze ; 5c, green glaze on
schist. For tablets see Memphis I.
Materials. Blue glaze, 4.
Collection. Univ. Coll. P. 3, E. 1.
6. TONGUE.
Name. Nes.
Meaning. Power of speech.
Period. Roman.
Figures. See Labyrinth, xxxvi, p. 36.
Material. Gold.
Position. In mouth.
Collection. Univ. Coll. P. 2, Manchester 2, Oxford
Anthrop., 2, 1 each in Brussels, Munich, Boston, Chicago,
Glasgow, Leicester, Aberdeen, Bolton.
7. HEART.
Names. The physical heart is named db, and also hati
the chief part as referring to the will ; but the amulet of
the heart is named opert on the coffins, and in the title of
the chapter (LA.CAU, p. 125). The chapters relating to the
heart in the Book of the Dead are the 26th, to be engraved
on lazuli, " Whereby the heart is given to a person in the
underworld " ; the 27th, to be engraved on green felspar,
" Whereby the heart of a person is not taken from him in
the underworld " ; the 28th and 29th with the same title ;
the 29th B, " Another chapter of the heart upon carnelian.
I am the Heron, the soul of Ea, who conducts the glorious
ones to the Duat. It is granted to their has to come forth
upon the earth, to do whatsoever their ha willeth. It is
granted to the ba of the Osiris N to come forth upon the
earth to do whatsoever his ka willeth." This chapter is
referred to by the figure of the heron or akhetbird upon the
backs of some hearts and heart scarabs. The 30th chapter
is that inscribed on the heart scarabs, and will be given
under 90, the heart scarab.
Meaning. The power of living and will. In Italy a heart
of bone is worn against the evil eye and heart disease
(BELL., xii, 10 ; xiii, 11, 18).
Varieties. A, plain without side projections. B, with
side projections of arteries. C, with marks on the front,
as figs. 7m, o. D, with the akhet bird, representing the
spirit or illumination which resides in the heart, as fig. 7n.
E, with the sun's disc over it, as 7g.
Period. In Vlth, carnelian, but rare ; in XVIIIth, of
carnelian, gold or glass ; very common in various materials
in XXVIth. Ptolemaic.
Figures. Type A, 7a, 7b, 7bb (pi. xlv), carnelian ; 7a2,
calcite ; 7a 3, green felspar ; 7c, clear green glass with
yellow and white stripes, XVIII ; 7cc, gold (pi. xliii) ; 7d,
violet glaze, with wreath and lotus pendant upon it, possibly
a vase model, XVIII ; 7e, red and white jasper ; 7f, red and
white breccia ; 7f 2, red and white breccia burnt brown ; 7g,
see type E ; 7g 2, blue paste ; 7h, light blue glass ; 7h 2,
blue glass, Zuweleyn ; 7h 3, grey serpentine ; 7h 4, red glass ;
7j, lazuli ; 7j 2, green volcanic ash ; 7j 3, serpentine ; 7j 4,
basalt Zuweleyn ; 7j 5, brown steatite ; 7j 6, black steatite ;
7j 7, green glaze ; 7j 8, bronze ; 7j 9, 10, white limestone
(8, 9, 10, Nebesheh) ; 7k, dark brown jasper ; 7k 2, black
and green serpentine, 7k 3, sard ; 7k 4, blue-green glaze ;
71, blue glaze, trace of wreath round shoulder, XVIII ; 711
(pi. xliv), green glaze, Illahun, XXII ; 7m, violet glaze, with
bright blue inlay of crescent and heart sign ; 7p, rough blue
glaze, Ptolemaic, Dendereh, group 21. Type C, 7o, light
green glaze, same marks on both side ; 7o 2, dark blue
glaze, same marks. Type D, 7n, blue glaze, Ptolemaic,
Dendereh, group 26 ; 7n 2, blue glass, burnt. This type
appears also in the heart scarabs, where the akhet bird is
figured on the back. Type E, 7g, calcite.
Materials. Carnelian and sard 26, Basalt 19, Blue glaze
16, Green glaze 15, Haematite 15, Variegated glass 9, Lazuli
8, Porphyry 8, Limestone 8, Green jasper 8, Steatite 6,
Serpentine 6, Gold 5, Quartz 4, Beryl 4, Bed limestone 4,
Red jasper 4, Obsidian 3, Prase 3, Agate 3, Blue glass 8,
Amethyst 2, Red glass 2, Red and white breccia 2, 1 each of
Brown jasper, Green felspar, Green volcanic ash, Pink
granite, Granite, Calcite, Alabaster, Black glass, Bronze,
Gilt wood.
Positions. 6 on neck ; 2 on left breast ; 15 from top
down to low on chest.
Collections. Cairo 51, Univ. Coll. P. 27, E. 14, St.
Petersburg 33, Turin 21, Athens 17, Alnwick 13, Price 9,
Edinburgh 7, Murch 7.
8. BREAST.
Names. Menz.
Meaning. Power of lactation. An ivory ball is worn in
Italy for the increase of milk (BELL., xii, 11).
Varieties. Flat to rounded.
Period. All Ptolemaic and Roman.
Figures. 8a, wax gilt, Dendereh, Ptolemaic, group 20 ;
8b, blue glaze with black nipple, Dendereh, Ptolemaic,
group 21.
Materials. Blue-green glaze 1, Gold foil 1, Wax gilt 1,
Wood gilt 1.
Position. On breast.
Collections. Univ. Coll. P. 8,
10
AMULETS OF SIMILAHS
9. ARM.
Names. Bent Qeb ; forearm Remen.
Meaning. Power of action.
Varieties. A, benfc. B, straight.
Period. A VI.
Figures. Greenish-blue glaze. Type B, green glaze,
Turin.
Materials. Green glaze 2.
Collections. Univ. Coll. P. 1, Turin 1.
10. TWO ARMS.
Name. Ka, from 1st dynasty onwards ; implying the
activities of the will.
Meaning. The power of will and intention.
Period. XVIII.
Figure. lOa, blue glaze, flat back; 10a2, green glaze,
Riqqeh, 257.
Material. Blue or green glaze.
Collections. Cairo 2, Univ. Coll. P. 2, Brit. Mus. 1.
11. HAND OPEN.
Name. Det.
Meaning. Power of action.
Varieties. Right and Left.
Period. VI.
Figures. Ha, bone, group 6 ; lib, c, d, caruelinn ; He,
f, green glaze ; llg, green glaze, Zaraby. See Deshasht-h,
xxvi, 4, 10, 13 ; 2 of carnelian ; 1 grey agate.
Materials. Carnelian 29, Green glaze 3, Bone 2, Grey
agate 1.
Position. Wrist.
Collections. Univ. Coll. P. 12, Brit. Mus. 5, Turin 4,
Cairo 4, Murch 3, Price 3. Of those where the side is
rioted there are 12 right hands, 16 left hands.
12. FIST CLENCHED.
Name. Khefo.
Meaning. Vigorous action, as in the determinative hiero-
glyph of action.
Varieties. Bight and Left.
Period. VI; 12d, e, Roman.
Figures. 12a, sard, group 3 ; 12a 1 3, sard, group 1 ;
12a 4 6, sard, groups 6, 7, 8 ; 12b, sard, group 3 ; 12b
2, 3, group 1 ; 12b 4, green felspar, group 3; 12c, bone,
group 13 ; 12c 2 4, sard, group 1 ; 12c 5, group 3 ; 12d,
steatite, crescent and other signs on base; 12d 2, steatite
bird on base; 12e (pi. xlvi), steatite, crescent. This type,
12d, e, seems to be Roman, under Syrian or Asianic
influence. See Dcshasheh, xxvi, 17, 19, 20, 24 ; 3 of
carnelian : 1 brown limestone.
Materials. Carnelian 23, Steatite 2, Blue glaze 2, Green
felspar 1, Brown limestone 1, Bone 1.
Position. Wrist.
Collections. Univ. Coll. P. 17, Price 3, Brit. Mus. 2. Of
those noted there are 15 right fists, 5 left fists.
18. FIST, THUMB BETWEEN FIRST AND
SECOND FINGERS.
Name. Unknown.
Meaning. Sexual power (?). Against evil eye in Italy,
BELL., xv, 11.
Varieties. Right and Left.
Period. Roman.
Figures. 13a, dark blue glaze; 13b, dark blue glaze
with yellow points, group 22.
Materials. Blue glaze.
Collections. Cairo R. 4, L. 1, Turin 3, Univ. Coll. P. 2.
14. TWO HANDS SIDE BY SIDE.
Name. Unknown.
Meaning. United action (?)
Period. VI.
Figure. 14, blue glaze, Mahasna, tomb 13.
Material. Blue glaze.
Collection. Univ. Coll. P. 1.
15. LEG.
Name. Uort.
Meaning. Power of walking. In Italy a leg carved in
bone is an evil eye charm (BELL., xiii, 19).
Period. Vth and Vlth dynasties.
Figures 15a, carnelian whitened, showing ankle bone,
left leg ; 15a 2, smaller, group 2 ; ISb, carnelian ; 15b2, light
brown agate; 15c, light red agate, showing heel; 15c2,
similar, smaller; 15c 3, sard, group 7; 15d, milky and
brown agate; 15e, sard; also 15e 2, 3 ; 15e4, group 1;
15e 5, 6, group 2 ; 15f, sard, group 14.
Materials. Sard or Carnelian 21, Glaze 1.
Collections. Univ. Coll. P. 15 (groups 1, 2, 7, 14), Murch
4, Brit. Mus. 3.
10. PHALLUS.
Name. Moza, Moza-kherti entire (MacG. 40).
Period. Only Roman.
Figures. 16a, blue glaze with yellow ; 16b, red glass, and
16b2, group 23 ; 16c, d, gold, Memphis, group 27.
Materials. Gold 2, Green glaze 4, Green glaze with
yellow points 1, Red glass 2, Haematite 1.
Collections. Univ. Coll. P. 5 (groups 23, 27), E. 2, St.
Petersburg 2. The whole figures (16e, green glaze) are
entirely of Graeco-Roman age, and there is no trace of any
such amulet in use by Egyptians. Univ. Coll. P. 1, E. 1,
green glaze.
17. SMA.
Name. Sma, " union " (LACAU, 80); also By, "joy" or
" ecstasy " (LACAU, 88) ; comp. French " fille de joie."
Meaning. Union, see earliest form Idt dynasty, Royal
Tombs, ii, II.
Period. Form figured on VI XIII coffins as an.emblem ;
amulets all of XXVI.
11
A M!U L E TJS OF SIMILARS
Figures. 17a, b, c, e, obsidian; 17d, black porphyry.
Materials. Obsidian 25 (?), Haematite 2, Black porphyry
1, Yellow limestone 1.
Position. Base of stomach, umbilicus.
Collections. Cairo 16, Univ. Coll. P. 5, Turin 2, St.
Petersburg 2, Alnwick 2, Price 2.
18. FROG AND TOAD.
Names. Heqt=Rana, Frog. Abnekh for Ab-nekhekh,
" spotty old man "=Bufo (?) Toad.
Meaning. The tadpole is the hieroglyph for 100,000.
The frog is the emblem of Heqt, the goddess of birth, and
it would appear to symbolise fecundity. A bowl with frogs
modelled all over the interior and round the edge, found at
Tell Rotab (Hi/ksos and Israelite Cities, pis xxxii, xxxiv B),
might well be for giving potions against sterility. There
is, however, another meaning suggested by a frog-pattern
lamp, with the quotation " I am the Resurrection " (LANZONE,
Diz. Mit. 853), which has been accepted as indicating the
meaning of the frog. As however the frog is one of the
commonest types of lamps (Roman Ehnasya, pi. Ixiii, Ixiv),
there may be no connection between it and a text quoted on
the lamp.
Varieties. There appear to be two more species repre-
sented, a wide form, the toad, with the legs hidden by the
body, Bufo viridis ; and a slender form, the frog, with the legs
outstanding, and often ribbed down the back, liana masca-
reniensis. These are not however generally distinguished in
collections. We may note separately
A. Single frog. B. Group of three frogs. C. Group of
four frogs.
Period. Many examples are known from the prehistoric
times, as 18a, b; others in the Old Kingdom, as 181;
many in the XVHIth and XXIIud dynasties, as 18j, k ; and
some in the XXVIth.
Figures. 18a, Bufo, hard grey steatite; 18b, Rana(?),
greenish-grey serpentine ; 18c, Bufo, ivory, prehistoric ;
18d, cut on a Nerita shell ; 18e, limestone, Hawara, XII ; 18f,
limestone, rude scrolls, and uaz pattern on base, Hawara,
XII; 18g, liana, bronze; 18h, liana, bronze; 18j, liana,
bright red glazed pottery, yellow eyes, late XVIII; 18k,
liana, green glaze, XVIII ; 18k 2, liana, violet glaze, sa sign
on base, XVIII ; 181, Bufo, calcite, group 13, Vlth dynasty ;
18m, Bufo, black and yellow serpentine ; 18n, green felspar ;
18o, green glass, two latter for inlaying ; 18p, four frogs on
base, blue glaze, black marks, two crocodiles, head to tail,
incised on base.
Materials. Green Glazed pottery 38, Glazed stone 3,
Prase 3, Green felspar 4, Green jasper 2, Glass 2. Other
colours are much less common ; Lazuli 5, Carnelian 7,
Bronze 4, Quartz crystal 2, Serpentine 3, Steatite 2, Lime-
stone 3, Diorite 2, 1 each of Haematite, Chalcedony, Agate,
Amethyst, Porphyry, Calcite, Violet glaze, Red glaze,
Ivory, Shell. See Deshasheh, xxvi, 25.
Position. On neck (1) ; on chest (7) ; right arm (1) ;
lower part of stomach (1).
Collections. Cairo A 33, B 1, C 1, Univ. Coll. P. 20,
St. Petersburg 14, Murch 11, Turin 10, Alnwick 10, Price
9, Athens 4, Edinburgh 1.
19. FLY.
Name. Ofef (Z. A. S., 1888, 78).
Meaning. The collar of gold flies, given to a very active
fighter in XVHIth dynasty (BREASTED Records, ii, 23, 585,
587) suggests that the fly was an emblem of activity or
swiftness ; the manner in which the decoration is named
almost indicates that there was a corps of aides de camp
thus decorated. The great collar of gold flies found with
the jewels of Aah-hotep and Kames is in Cairo.
Varieties. The fly with rounded wings appears distinct
from a sharper-bodied form with pointed wings.
Period. Prehistoric, XII and XVIII.
Figures. 19a, green serpentine ; 19b, c, pink limestone,
prehistoric ; 19d, d 2, red jasper ; 19e, gold, XVIIIth dynasty ;
19f, black glaze; 19f, 212, blue paste, Kahun, XII ; 19g,
green glaze, Kahun, XII (pi. xliv) ; 19h, green glaze (pi.
xlvi); 19j, string of yellow glaze, late XVIII. See also
131e ; 19k, dragon fly, XII, Kahun (xlv).
Materials. Yellow glaze 30, Blue paste 13, Gold 4, Green
glaze 3, Lazuli 3, Jasper 2, Pink limestone 2, Green
porpyhry 1, Serpentine 1, Glazed steatite 1.
Position. Necklaces.
Collections. Univ. Coll. P. 52, Murch 6, Brit. Mus. 2. See
Naqada, pi. Iviii.
20. PAPYRUS SCEPTRE.
Name. Uaz (MacG. 50).
Meaning. Flourishing, as of green plants; youth.
Chapter 159 of the Book of the Dead reads : " The chapter
of the column of green felspar put on the neck of the
deceased. thou who comest out every day, in the divine
house, she who has a big voice, who goeth round . . . she
takes hold of the potent formulae of her father, the mummy
which is on the bull. She is Renent."
Period. XXVI XXX, the age when the goddess Uazet
was most worshipped.
Figures. 20a, black and white glass, Tahutmes III ; 20b,
black, white and yellow glass, XVIII ; 20c, c 2, green glaze ;
20d, d 2, d 3, green glaze faded ; 20e e 10, green glaze ; 20f,
green-gone-brown glaze ; 20f 2, haematite ; 20f 3 5, green
felspar; 20f 6, 7, green glaze ; 20g, brown limestone; 20g2,
dull green calcite ; 20h, blue glaze, XVIII (?). A stem of the
sceptre, like 20c, green glaze, yellow leaves, is inscribed
Khonsu nefer hotep upt renpet nefer, " Khonsu-nefer-hotep
open a good year." See green felspar amulet of Khaernuas
(MARIETTE, Serapeum, iii, xx).
Materials. Green glaze 38, Blue glaze 35, Green felspar
16, Beryl 4, Prase 2, Green diorite 2, Green calcite 1 ; thus
more than two-thirds are green or blue. Of other colours
12
AMULETS OF SIMILARS
there are Haematite 14, Lazuli 8, Carnelian 2, Basalt 2,
Blue glass 2, Black and white glass 2, Gold 1, Serpentine 1,
Schist 1, Steatite 1, Brown limestone 1.
Position. Forehead (1) ; throat (1); top and middle
rows on chest (11) ; stomach (1, Dendereh), or low on
stomach (2, Nebesheh, Abydos).
Collections. Cairo 45, Turin 84, Univ. Coll. P. 17, E. 9,
St. Petersburg 18, Price 10, Alnwick 8, Athens 4, Murch 8,
Edinburgh 2.
21. PAPYRUS ON A PLAQUE.
Name. Uaz.
Meaning. To be as durable as neshem stone green fels-
par. Chapter 160 of the Book of the Dead is as follows :
" Giving the column of green felspar. I am the column of
green felspar, which cannot be crushed, and which is raised
by the hand of Tahuti. Injury is an abomination to it. If
it is safe, I am safe ; if it is not injured, I am not injured ;
if it receives no cut, I receive no cut. Said by Tahuti, arise,
come in peace, lord of Heliopolis, lord who resides in Pu.
When Shu has arrived, he found the stone at Sheneinu, as
its name is neshem. He (deceased) makes his abode in the
enclosure of the great god; whilst Turn resides in his
dwelling, his limbs will never be crushed."
Period. As these are always of hard stone they probably
belong entirely to the XXVIth dynasty, before glass became
common for amulets.
Figures. 21a, green felspar, fine colour, incised ; 21b,
dull green felspar, in relief; 21c, dull green felspar ; 21 c 2,
half as large again, dull green felspar.
Materials. Green felspar 21, Beryl 3, Serpentine 1,
Sard 1.
Position. Throat (1) ; Middle of chest, and shoulders (5).
Collections. Cairo 10, Alnwick 5, Turin 4, Univ. Coll. P. 4,
Price 3, St. Petersburg 8.
22. JACKAL HEAD.
Name. Unknown.
Meaning. To find the way in the future world, as the
jackal was " the opener of ways" (up-uatu) in the desert:
or perhaps for watchfulness.
Period. V. VI.
Figures. 22a, bone, group 8 ; 22b, yellow sard, group 3 ;
22c, calcite, group 13 ; 22c 2, carnelian, group 7 ; 22d, pink
steatite. 22d 2, minute carnelian, group 10 ; 22e, bone ;
22e 2, carnelian, group 7 ; 22f, carnelian ; 22f 2, same,
ruder, group 1 ; 22g, green felspar ; 22g 2, green felspar,
group 80 ; 22h, j, green limestone ; 22 k, carnelian ;
22 1, m, n, o, blue glaze, Zaraby, Vlth dynasty ; 22p, ebony,
pi. xlv.
Materials. Sard and carnelian 16, Blue glaze 8, Green
felspar 2, Green limestone 2, Lazuli 1, Bone 1, Wood 1.
Position. Wrist.
Collection. Univ. Coll. P. 27.
28. LEOPARD HEAD.
Name. Pek.
Meaning. Valour, as in the title ao pehti, "great and
valorous." Possibly used for protection from wild
beasts.
Period. V. VI.
Figures. 23, blue paste, Mahasna, tomb 461. Deshasheh,
xxvi, 1 lazuli.
Materials. Lazuli 1, Blue paste 1, Greenglaze 1.
Position. Wrist.
Collections. Univ. Coll. P. 1, Turin 1.
24. CLAW.
Name. Ogat.
Meaning. Leopard's claw used for protection from wild
beasts, Central Africa (Leicester Museum). Cray fish claw
against evil eye (BELL., xi, 3). Elk's claw (BELL., xiv, 8).
Period. Prehistoric, Roman.
Figures. 24a, red porphyry; 24b, c, green serpentine;
24d, e, f, green serpentine, probably claws; all the previous,
prehistoric ; 24g, sard, Mahasna, tomb 386 ; 24h, j,
bronze, Illahun, Roman. Natural claw, Sliurafa, Roman,
pi. xiv, 24k.
Materials. Red porphyry 1, Green serpentine 5, Sard 1,
Bronze 2, Actual claw of large bird, vulture (?) 1.
Collection. Univ. Coll. P. 10.
25. TOOTH.
Name. Nuzhi.
Meanings. Human tooth, for toothache (PLINY, xxviii, 11).
Child's, first shed, for pains (P. xxviii, 9). Lion's, for gaining
favour (P. xxviii, 25). Leopard's, to gain aid of friend's
spirit, Central Africa (Leicester Museum). Hyaena, tooth-
ache (P. xxviii, 27) ; of left side, pain in stomach, nightmare
(P. xxviii, 27) ; of right upper, to strike animals in hunting
(P. xxviii, 27). Wolf's, for dentition (P. xxviii, 28). Dog'a,
quartan fever (P. xxx, 30), evil eye, hydrophobia (BELL., xii, 9,
15 ; xiii, 1). Horse's, evil eye (BELL., xii, 8). Deer's, repels
serpents (P. xxviii, 42). Wild boar's, evil eye (BELL., xii, 5).
Pig's, dentition (BELL., xii, 3). Boar's tusk, evil eye (BELL.,
Am. 58, Fet. 35). Dolphin's, infant's fright (P. xxxii, 48).
Fossil shark's, dentition and lightning*' (BELL., xi, 29).
Crocodile's right tooth, aphrodisiac ; eye teeth, for periodic
fevers and aphrodisiac (PLINY, xxviii, 28 ; xxxii, 50).
Varieties. Crocodile teeth. Fossil shark teeth. Glazed
pottery figure.
Period. XXII to Roman.
Figures. 23a, tooth of shark, fossil, one of the Lamnidae,
set in copper ; 25b, tooth of crocodile set in silver ; 25c,
tooth of crocodile set in gold ; 2Sd, figure of a tooth carved
in bone ; 25e, blue-green glaze, Roman ; 25f, blue-green
glaze ; 25g, tusk carved from shell, prehistoric ; 25h, tooth
of hyaena tied to knotted cord, pi. xviii, 131f.
Materials. Actual teeth 4, Green glazed pottery 2, Bone
1, Shell 1, Carnelian 1.
18
AMULETS OF SIMILARS
Position. On neck cord knotted.
Collections. Univ. Coll. P. 8, Murch 1.
26. LOCUST.
Name. Si-nehem, possibly " son of Neheinat," a goddess.
Meaning. Protection from locusts (?).
Period. Prehistoric, XVIII, Eoman.
Figures. 26a, b, grass-green and yellow glazes. XVIII.
Materials. Limestone 1, Yellow glaze 2, Green glaze 1.
Collections. Univ. Coll. P. 2, Turin 1, Murch 1.
CHAPTEK IV
AMULETS OF POWERS
DYNATIC AMULETS, 27 61.
THE idea of conferring powers upon the dead by means
of amulets, is a logical development of the previous idea of
continuance of the faculties. If the hand amulet could
give the power of action, so the amulet of the sceptre which
the hand held, could confer the power connected with the
sceptre in real life. When once this idea was grasped, the
various kinds of powers could be conferred. This was
carried out by means of hieroglyphs of the ideas, as the
wagtail or duckling ; by emblems, as the head-rest or
plummet ; or by models of objects, as the stairs or the
crown. Eacli of these kinds of amulets gave the powers of
qualities, or of conditions, or of authority. In this class of
amulets they act by symbolism of some kind, and not as
direct similars like the previous class.
27. WAGTAIL.
Name. Sign for "great," ur.
Meaning. Conferring greatness (?).
Period. VI.
Figures. 27a, b, bone, group 5 ; 27b 2, smaller, car-
nelian, group 10.
Materials. Bone 2, Carnelian 1.
Position. Necklace.
Collection. Univ. Coll. P. 3.
28. HUMAN-HEADED BIRD.
Name. Ba. Ha-ran-lierot (MacG. 49, for Haru-nchcr,
full of face ?).
Meaning. Human soul, probably derived from large-faced
owl living in tombs.
Varieties. A, plain. B, double. C, crowned. D, spread
wings.
Period. XXVI to Ptolemaic.
Figures. 28a, violet glass, white head ; 28a 2, violet glass ;
28b, double, side by side, green and black glaze ; 28c, green
and black glaze ; 28d, blue and black glaze, Ptolemaic,
group 21.
Materials. Green glaze 3, Blue glaze 8, Grey glaze 1,
Bed glass 2, Lazuli 2, White glass 1, Blue and white glass 3,
Blue glass 7, Green glass 1, Black glass 1 : D, Gold inlaid
(Hor-uza, Hawara).
Position. Throat (1) ; breast (5).
Collections. Athens 13, Alnwick 8, Univ. Coll. P. 4, E.I,
St. Petersburg 2, Murch 2.
29. DUCKLING.
Name. Za.
Meaning. Virility.
Period. VI.
Figures. 29a, sard, group 7 ; 29b, bone, group 6.
Materials. Sard 1, Bone 1.
Position. Necklace.
Collection. Univ. Coll. P. 2.
30. MAN'S GIRDLE TIE.
Name. Onkh, Onkh-er-ta khcr-redui-f (Lc\v, 113).
Meaning. Life. " Many lives (pi.) upon the earth that
is beneath his feet" (L. 113): the plural of life may imply
a belief in reincarnation.
Varieties. A, pendant. B, on open-work ball bead. C,
between two uas.
Period. XIX to Ptolemaic.
Figures. 30a, blue glaze, Dendereh, Ptolemaic, group
21 ; 30b, light blue glaze, Memphis ; 30b 2, green glaze ; 30c,
green glaze, Sams collection ; 30d, blue glaze, XIX dynasty (?)
(pl.xliv); 30e, wax, gilt, Dendereh, Ptolemaic, group 20 ; 30f,
dark blue glass, type C ; 30g, dull blue glazed ball, alternate
with rams' heads bearing disc, XXV ; 30h, red jasper
(pi. xlvi). See Mahasna, xxxiv, tomb 435, gold.
Materials. Gold 1, Green glaze 12, Blue glaze 8, B 1,
Purple glaze 1, Black glaze 1, Dark blue glass, C 1, Eed
jasper 1.
Position. Chest (Hawara) ; on feet (Dendereh).
Collections. Turin 8, Cairo 8, Univ. Coll. P. 6, E. 1,
Price 1, St. Petersburg 1.
31. NEFER.
Name. Nefer, supposed to be derived from the heart and
windpipe, as the markings are similar to those upon the
ab sign.
Meaning. Beauty or excellence.
Peiiod. XVIII. '
14
AMULETS OF POWERS
Figures. 31a, blue glaze; 31 a 2, obsidian; 31b (pi. xliv),
gold, XVIIIth dynasty.
Materials. Gold 6, Haematite 2, Obsidian 1, Blue glaze 1.
Position. Necklace.
Collections. Univ. Coll. P. 7, E. 1, St. Petersburg 2.
82. SISTRUM.
Name. Sesh-shet (MacG. 16).
Meaning. Joy, especially in the dance. Emblem of
Hathor.
Period, XXVI.
Figures. 32a, green felspar, Meroe ; 32a 2, small, blue
glaze ; 32b, green glaze, Hathor head with wig.
Materials. Green felspar 1, green glaze, 3, blue glaze, 1.
Collections. Univ. Coll. P. 2, E. 1, Price 1, Athens 1.
33. COUNTERPOISE OF COLLAR.
Name. Menat. With a fringe, Menkhet (LACAU, 4413 ;
MacG. 37).
Meaning. Joy, health.
Varieties. A, plain. B. inscribed.
Period, XXVI.
Figures. 33a, light green glaze, " says Bastet, give life
to Pedu-heb-bast eternally " ; the name shows the person
was begotten at the great festival of Bubastis. Head and
arms of Hathor ; 33a 2, light green glaze, " Hapi born of
Pedu-ast, son of Zed-nebt-amu-auf-red " ; 33b, light green
glaze, plain; 33c, c 2, blue glaze, plain; 33d, dark green
glaze, three cats on the top, Bast on the stem, Nehebka (?)
on the disc, reverse " says Bast of (pa) Bast " ; 33e, pi. xliv,
light green glaze, group 16.
Materials. Blue glaze 13, Green glaze 11, Green felspar 2,
Bronze 1, Gilt wood 1.
Position. Back of neck (4 at Nebesbeh), lower chest
(Abydos).
Collections. Price 11, Turin 7, Univ. Coll. P. 4, E. 2, St.
Petersburg 2.
34. HEAD-REST.
Name. Urs, of various woods, cedar (LACAU, 110), alien
(L. 105), and mer (L. 105).
Meaning. Restoration of the head, after primitive pre-
paration of the corpse. The 166th chap. B.D. reads
" Chapter of the Headrest. Awake ! thy sufferings are
allayed, N. Thou art awaked when thy head is above the
horizon. Stand up, thou art triumphant by means of what
has been done to thee. Ptah has struck down thine
enemies. It has been ordered what should be done to thee.
Thou art Horus, the son of Hathor, the flame born of a
flame, to whom his head has been restored after it had
been cut off. Thy head will never be taken from thee
henceforth. Thy head will never be carried away."
Varieties. On coffins are named the shen head-rest
(LACAU, 105), the mer head-rest (L. 105) and the head-rest
of osh, cedar wood (L. 110). Solid block head-rests were
copied in Ptolemaic time.
Period. First in tombs of Ilnd dynasty, full size ; con-
tinued to the XHth, and then also painted on coffins ; as
small amulets, XXVI Ptolemaic.
Figures. 3*a, b, b 2, c, c 2, c 3, d, haematite ; d 2, large and
rough ; 34e (pi. iv), blue glaze, Dendereh, Ptolemaic, group
21; 34e 2, green glaze, Ptolemaic; 34f, blue glaze (xlvi);
3$g, apple-green glaze (xlvi).
Materials. Haematite 70, Blue glaze 6, Green glaze 8,
Basalt 2, 1 each of Red glaze, Dark glaze, Diorite, Wood,
" Brown stone."
Position. Left breast, left foot, low on stomach (Den-
dereh), neck (Abydos).
Collections. Cairo 34, Alnwick 15, Univ. Coll. P. 3, E. 4,
St. Petersburg 11, Edinburgh 5, Turin 4, Price 4, Murch 1.
35. ZAD.
Name. Zad (MacG. 43). Probably the four columns
which supported the heaven (Medum, 31, xiii) ; later mis-
taken by the Egyptians for the backbone of Osiris. The
name of Nilometer is only a modern guess.
Meaning. Stability or duration. The 155th chapter of
the Book of the Dead reads : " Here is thy backbone thou
still-heart ! here is thy spine thou still-heart. Put it close
to thee. I have given thee the water thou needest. Here
it is. I have brought to thee the zad, in which thy heart
rejoiceth. Said on a zad of gold inlaid into the substance of
sycotnore wood, and dipped into the juice of ankhamu. It
is put on the neck of this Khu, he arrives at the doors of the
Duat, and he comes forth by day, even though he be silent.
This zad is put in its place on the first day of the year, as
is done to the followers of Osiris."
Varieties. A, plain. B, crowned with feathers and horns.
C, double. D, with two apes (MacG. 74). E, with Hathor.
Period, VI to Roman.
Figures. 35a, sard, Vlth dynasty (?) ; 33b, blue glaze,
XVIII ; 35c, c 2 c 12, pale green, Hawara, XXVI ; 38c 13, 14,
red glass ; 35c 15, yellow steatite ; 35c 16, white limestone ;
35 C 1722, green glaze ; 35d, pale green ; 35e, pale green,
Hawara ; 3Sf, green, the top peg of the column much
developed ; 35g, green and brown glaze, crowned, and with
two arms holding uas sceptres ; 35h, blue-green glaze, with
onkh and uas on neb sign ; 35j, micaceous steatite ; 35k,
blue glass ; 351, blue glass, three double capitals ; 35m,
yellow glass, Anpu holding the zad ; 35n, green glass, zad
crowned with sma feathers ; 35o (xliv), blue glaze faded,
XIX, with 30d. See 39, b, c, d, on pi. iv.
Materials. Green glaze 191, Blue glaze 56, Lazuli 37,
Carnelian 37, Grey glaze 6, Red glass 2, Gold 2, Obsidian
1, Blue glass 4, Yellow steatite 1.
Position. Throat (2) ; top of chest and base of chest
(17) ; across stomach (8).
Collections. Cairo 64, St. Petersburg 53, Turin 40, Univ.
Coll. P. 23, E. 11, Alnwick 8, Price 10, Edinburgh 9,
Athens 8, Murch 2.
15
AMULETS OF POWERS
86. SQUARE.
Name. Klieses, square, connected with Seqeq, the plum-
met (see next) ; a play of words similar to the variation of
two Arab words for glass, Qizaz and Zigag.
Meaning. Rectitude (?). It is not the hap sign, carried
by kings in festival, as that is acute-angled and equal-sided,
whereas this is right-angled and unequal, and is always
associated with the plummet.
Period. XXVI to Ptolemaic.
Figures. 36a, b, b 2, c, d, e, e 2, f, haematite ; 36g, blue
glaze, Dendereh, Ptolemaic, group 21 ; 36g 2, green glaze ;
36h, pale green glaze, fine work.
Materials. Haematite 46, Yellow limestone 4, Basalt 3,
Green glaze 4, Blue glaze 2, Lazuli 1.
Position. Top row on chest, or left breast (6), with
plummet; stomach.
Collections. Univ. Coll. P. 10, E. 2, St. Petersburg 9,
Alnwick 6, Turin 4, Edinburgh 8, Athens 8, Price 1, Murch 1.
37. PLUMMET.
Name. Seqeq (see previous).
Meaning. Making equilibrium. Qe.qt, determined by a
plummet, is the name of Aswan, where the sun is in
equilibrium between north and south at midsummer.
Probably worn to impart an evenly-balanced mind, which
is held up as a great virtue of character in the Proverbs.
Period. XXVI to Roman.
Figures. 37a, b, b 2, c, c 2, d, e, e 2, haematite ; 37f, blue
and black glaze, Dendereh, Ptolemaic, group 21 ; 37g, green
glaze, Ptolemaic, showing the plummet cord.
Materials. Haematite 3, Slate 4, Blue glaze 4, Basalt 2,
" Brown marble " 1, " Dark marble " 1, Green glaze 1.
Position. Top and middle of chest or left breast (7), low
on stomach (2).
Collections. Univ. Coll. P. 8, E. 2, Alnwick 10, Cairo 9,
St. Petersburg 9, Turin 6, Price 2, Athens 2, Edinburgh 1,
Murch 1.
38. FORKED LANCE.
Name. Peseshkef, from j)esesh to divide, the forked flint
lance being used to divide the mouth of the mummy in the
ceremony of "opening the mouth."
Meaning. To confer the power of speaking and feeding,
as described in Chapter 23 of the Book of the Dead, on the
opening of the mouth.
Varieties. The different forms descend as follows :
Figures. 38a, b, black jasper; 38c, black steatite ; 38d,
e, f, obsidian ; 38g, bronze ; 38h, green glass. These last
two may, perhaps, be intended for a clothing amulet sur-
mounted by feathers ; or if the flint forked lance was
wrapped with cloth for a handle, it might then start this
form. A similar form in carnelian is of prince Khaemuas
(MAKIETTE, Serapeum, iii, xi).
Materials. Obsidian 4, Black jasper 2, Black steatite 1,
Bronze 1, Green glass 1.
Position. Throat (1); chest (6) ; stomach (1).
Collection. Univ. Coll. P. 9, E. 1.
Owing to the resemblance to the Plumes (39) and Feathers
(41) following, these three amulets are confused in cata-
logues, and were probably not truly distinguished by the
Egyptians. The Materials and Collections stated here are
therefore restricted to those which can be verified.
39. OSTRICH PLUMES.
Names. Shuti, the two plumes ; or Shed-shed.
Meaning. The two ostrich plumes were supposed to fly
away in the wind, bearing the king's soul (Sethe in Mahasna,
19), and the pair of plumes therefore were provided as a
vehicle for the soul of the deceased. The single plume is
probably the emblem of Maat.
Varieties. Double plume. Single plume.
Period. XIX to Ptolemaic.
Figures. 39a, b, obsidian ; 39a 2, obsidian ; 39a 3, 4,
white limestone ; 39b 2, slate ; 39b 3, b 4, serpentine ;
39c, gilt wax ; 39d (pi. xliv) green glass ; 39e (pi. xlvi)
basalt; inscribed "Osiris lord of Restau. The high priest,
King's son, Khaemuas," son of Ramessu II; 39f, green
glaze (xlvi).
Materials. Obsidian 3, Serpentine 3, Basalt 2, 1 each of
Alabaster, White limestone, Blackened limestone, Green
glaze, Gilt wax.
Positions. Throat (1) ; chest (6) ; stomach (2).
Collections. Univ. Coll. P. 5, E. 6, Athens 4, Edinburgh 3,
Murch 2.
40. TWO PLUMES, DISC, AND TWO HORNS.
Name. Sma.
Meaning. The union of different powers.
Varieties. A, complete. B, disc and horns only.
Period. Ptolemaic.
1 :6
6600 B.C.
1 : 10
6000 B.C.
1 : 2
5500 B.C.
1:2
4000 B.C.
1: 1
3000 B.C.
16
AMULETS OF POWERS
Figures. 40a, white glass plumes, red glass disc, purple-
black glass horns. Upon the zad, 40b, green and black
glaze, Dendereh, Ptolemaic, group 21 ; 40c, d,dark blue and
black glaze, Dendereh, group 26. See also 35n, green glass ;
C. Abydos, group 10 (pi. 1).
Materials. Blue glaze 8, Coloured glass 1.
Position. Chest.
Collection. Univ. Coll. P. 4.
41. PAIR OF FEATHERS.
Name. Qa.
Meaning. Elevation.
Varieties. A, plain. B, with horns.
Period. XXVI (?).
Figure. 41, hard brown limestone, Univ. Coll. E.
Materials. Serpentine 17, Basalt 4, Obsidian 4, Green
felspar 4, " Yellow stone " 4, Brown limestone 4, Haematite 8,
Lazuli 1, Black limestone 1, Beryl 1, Green slate 1, Green
diorite 1.
Position. Top of chest (3) ; middle row (1) ; low on
stomach (2).
Collections. Cairo 24, Athens 6, St. Petersburg 4,
Alnwick 3, Price 2, Univ. Coll. E. 1, Edinburgh 1. Perhaps
some of these really refer to the previous classes 38 39.
42. RISING SUN.
Name. Adkhet.
Meaning. Power " to behold Ra at his coming forth in
the horizon " (Labyrinth, 36).
Period. XXVI to Ptolemaic.
Figures. 42a, red jasper ; 42a 2, light green serpentine.
Materials. " Red sandstone " ( ? Jasper) 9, Red jasper 7,
Blue glaze 4, Red glass 2, Red granite 1, Green glaze 1,
" Green stone " (Murch), Light green serpentine 1. Thus
nearly all are red.
Position. Low on chest.
Collections. Cairo 11, Turin 4, Univ. Coll. P. 1, E. 2,
Alnwick 3, St. Petersburg 3, Price 2, Murch 1.
43. DISC OF SUN.
Name. Ro ,- pronounced Ria XVIII dynasty, Ra or Re
Greek.
Meaning. To see the sun.
Period. XXVI to Ptolemaic.
Figures. 43a, glaze faded white ; 43b, steatite.
Materials. Lazuli 8, "Black stone" 3, Yellow lime-
stone 2, Green felspar 1, Beryl 1, Agate 1, Granite 1, White
glaze 2, Steatite 1.
Position. Top of chest (1) ; middle of stomach (4) ; left
hand (2).
Collections. Cairo 12, Turin 8, Edinburgh 2, Univ. Coll.
P. 2, St. Petersburg 1.
44. CROWNED SUN.
Name. ?
Meaning. To see the sun ruling.
Period. XXX(?).
Figure. 44, Steatite.
Materials. Steatite 1, Obsidian 1.
Collections. Univ. Coll. P. 1, Alnwick 1.
45. BARK OF THE MOON.
Name. Aoh (LANZONB, Diz. Mit., xxivii).
Meaning. To voyage in the sky after the sun.
Period, XVIII-
Figures. 45 (and 43 2) carnelian, Hawara, XVIII.
Materials. Carnelian 4, Green glaze 1.
Position. Necklace.
Collections. Univ. Coll. P. 4, Kennard 1, Cairo 1, Brit.
Mus. 1.
46. STAIRS.
Name. Khet.
Meaning. Ascent to sky. In the Book of the Dead,
Chapter 22, the dead says : " I am Osiris the lord of Restau,
the same who is at the head of the staircase," up which the
dead are shown mounting to the judgment. In Chapter 149,
in the eleventh domain the dead says : " I raise my ladder
up to the sky to see the gods," with a vignette showing a
flight of stairs. This form may have become confused with
that of a throne (suggested by SCHAFEK in Z. A. S. xliii, 66)
as the stairs are shown in a boat in the vignette of
Chapter 110.
Varieties. 6 to 9 steps.
Period, XXVI to XXX.
Figure. 46, green glaze.
Materials. Blue glaze 4, Green glaze 2.
Collections. Turin 3 of 7 steps, 1 of 9 steps, Univ.
Coll. E. 1 of 6 steps, Price 2.
47. HORNET.
Name. Bat.
Meaning. Royal power of Lower Egypt.
Period. VI to XII.
Figures. 47a, yellow sard, group 3 ; 47b, orange sard ;
47c, blue paste, Mahasna, tomb 386 ; 47d, blue glaze,
XII dynasty.
Materials. Sard and carnelian 9, Blue glaze 1, Black
limestone 1, Brown agate 1.
Position. Wrist, 2 (Deshasheh, xxvi, 3, 21).
Collections. British Museum 6, Univ. Coll. P. 4 (groups
3,9).
48. WHITE CROWN.
Name. Hezt (LACAU, 486).
Meaning. Royal power of Upper Egypt.
Period. XXVI.
Figures. 48a, green glass (?) burnt ; 48b, 48b 2, light
green glaze ; 48c, 48c 2, 48c 3, light green glaze ; 48 d, d 2,
green glaze.
Materials. Green glaze 26, Blue glaze 12, Green glass 1,
Black glaze 1, White glaze (faded ?) 1.
17
AMULETS OF POWERS
Collections. Cairo 14, Univ. Coll. P. 6, E. 8, Turin 6, St.
Petersburg 5, Price 8, Alnwick 3, Murch 1.
49. RED CROWN.
Name. Deshert ,- or Sekhemti (LACAU, 481), probably
confused with the double crown of that name (L. 488).
Meaning. Eoyal power in Lower Egypt.
Varieties. Crown alone. Crown on neb.
Period. XXVI.
Figures. 49a, a 2, green glaze ; 49b, c, c 2, d 2, green
glaze, Memphis ; 39b 2, green glaze ; 49d, blue glazed stone-
ware, group 28 ; 49e to e 8, pi. xliv, green glaze, crown on
neb.
Materials. Green glaze 30, Blue glaze 9.
Collections. Univ. Coll. P. 14, E. 8, Cairo 12, St. Peters-
burg 6, Turin 5, Price 4, Murch 1.
50. DOUBLE CROWN ON NEB.
Name. Sekhemti.
Meanimg. Eoyal power in Upper and Lower Egypt.
Period. VI.
Figures. Mahasna, xxxiv, xliii, tomb 87.
Material. Gold.
Position. Necklace.
51. VULTURE AND URAEUS.
Name. Smauti.
Meaning. Eoyal power in Upper and Lower Egypt.
Period. VI.
Figures. Mahasna, xxxiv, xliii, tomb 87.
Material. Gold.
Position. Necklace.
52. ROYAL CROOK.
Name. Heqt (MacG. 54) ; Heqt Out, " Crook of the
flocks," used by shepherds (LACAU, 317).
Meaning. Eule in Heliopolis.
Period. XXVI (?).
Figure. Not here.
Material. Grey glaze 1.
Collection. Turin 1.
53. ROYAL SCOURGE.
Name. Nekhekh (MacG. 54).
Meaning. Eule in Heliopolis.
Figure. MacG. papyrus 54. Found broken up in tombs
of the XHth dynasty, full-sized, in limestone (Riqqeh).
Collection. Portions in Univ. Coll. P.
54. SHEPHERD'S STICK.
Name. Uas (MacG. 28 ; LACAU, 815). Zom (LACAU, 314),
with wavy stem.
Meaning. Guidance of the flock. Such a form is
regularly used by the eastern Bedawy at present.
Secondary sense, Eule at Thebes.
Varieties. A, alone. B, with Zad and Onkh.
Periods. XXVI to XXX (?).
Figures. 84a, gold ; 54b, blue glass, burnt ; 54c to c 8,
pi. xliv, blue glaze, faded, with 30d, 33o. See 35h with
Zad and Onkh.
Materials. Gold 1, Blue glass 1, Blue-green glaze B 1.
Collection. Univ. Coll. P. 2, and 8 of type B.
55. DISC MACE.
Name. Men (MacG. 27).
Meaning. Fighting power.
Period. Prehistoric.
Figure. S5a, pi. xliv, white limestone with black spots,
prehistoric ; S5a 2, plain limestone (Tarkhan II).
Material. Painted limestone.
Collection. Univ. Coll. P. 5.
56. PEAR MACE.
Name. Hez (MacG. 27).
Meaning. Fighting power.
Period. Prehistoric, IV, XII.
Figure. No models, only actual maces buried.
Material. White limestone, Eed granite in XII (Riqqeh).
Collection. Univ. Coll. P. many.
57. FEATHERS AND SCOURGE.
Name. Ames (MacG. 27).
Meaning. Euling power.
No amulets known.
58. URAEUS SERPENT.
Names. Anrot, any goddess (MacG. 6, 30). Merseger,
goddess (LANZ., Diz. Mit., cxxviii). Onkh-neter (MacG. 8).
Eannut, goddess (LANZ., D. M., clxxxix). Sat (LACAU, 94).
Seqer (MacG. 7 ; LACAU, 34, 91). Shem-rcmtu (MacG. 9 ;
LACAU, 94). Urt hckat, goddess (MacG. 10). Zct (LACAU, 94).
Also conferring qualities, " giving youth " (LACAU, 90) ;
and with coiled body, " giving being " (?) (LACAU, 91).
Mehen, uraeus on the crown.
Meanings. Goddesses above named ; Knowledge ; Divine
life ; Going among men ; Royal power of judgment ; Giving
youth, and being.
Varieties. A, royal form. B, wavy. C, coiled. D, winged.
E, double. F, lion head. G, cat head. H, human head.
J, crowned.
Period. XXVI to Eoman.
Figures. 58a, green glass, crowned uraeus on column ;
58b, carnelian, with silver suspension loop ; 58c, branch of
red coral, with silver uraeus twisted upon it ; S8d, bronze, tail
coiled behind ; 58e, bronze, double crowned with sun discs
inlaid ; 58f, bronze, crowned with discs ; 58g, pewter plate,
incised ; 58 h, green glaze, Memphis ; 58j, light blue glaze,
Memphis ; S8k, green glaze, Memphis ; 38k, 2, 3, 4, 5,
18
AMULETS OF POWERS
green glaze, Nebesheh ; 581, faded green glaze, Memphis ;
S8m, green glaze ; 58n, grey glaze ; 880, green glaze, XVIII ;
88p, blue glass. PL xliv, 88q, gold ; 88r, electrum ; 88s,
silver ; 88t, u, blue glaze, Dendereh, Ptolemaic. See gold
from Serapeum (MARIETTE, Ser., in, xi).
Materials. Green glaze 35, Blue glaze 26, Lazuli 4,
Bronze 8, Gold 2, Yellow glaze 1, Grey glaze 1, Green glass
1, White agate 1, Pink limestone 1, Carnelian 2, Silver on
red coral 1, Eed glass 1.
Position. Forehead (2;; necklace (1); chest (10);
stomach (8) ; feet (1).
Collections. Univ. Coll. P. 15, E. 4, Cairo 15, St. Peters-
burg 8, F 1, G 1, Turin 8, Alnwick 7, Murch 6, Athens F 2,
Edinburgh 1.
59. MAN KNEELING WITH PALM BRANCHES.
Name. Helt.
Meaning. Millions of Years. Duration.
Period. XII, Eoman.
Figures. S9a, gold ; 59b, gold, group 4 ; S9c, lead ; 59d,
apple-green glaze, Dendereh, Ptolemaic, group 21 ; S9e,
silver (pi. xlvi). And see Mahasna, xxxiv, xliii, tombs 87, 435.
Materials. Gold 2, Silver 1, Lead 1, Green glaze 1.
Collections. Univ. Coll. P. 5.
60. BOUND CAPTIVE.
Name. Kheft.
Meaning. Power over a slave.
Varieties. A, figure standing. B, kneeling. C, painted
on soles of sandals.
Period. Prehistoric to Roman.
Figures. 80a, red limestone, quartz crystal eyes inlaid,
male, prehistoric ; 60b, light blue glaze, female, XXVI ; 60c,
white limestone, male, XXVI ; 60c 2, similar figure found
at Defenneh (Tanis, ii, xl); 60d, lead, male, wrapped in
sheet lead ; 80e (pi. xlv), wax, two figures standing, hands
joined ; 60f, wax, perhaps a figure ; see also figures on soles
of sandals (Univ. Coll. E) of Roman mummies, Hawara,
(Roman Portraits, x, 5), and mud figure of Hyksos age
(Hyksos and Israelite Cities, vi, 8).
Materials. Lead 1, Red limestone 1, White limestone 2,
Blue glaze 1, Wax 2, Cartonnage 1.
Collections. Univ. Coll. P. 6, E. 2, Price 1.
61. FIGURE WITH NECKLACES.
Name. ShapC?). See shap, to accept; shapep, rich;
shapt, to adorn.
Meaning. From the stoutness, adornment, and easy
posture, this seems intended to represent wealth. Compare
the Chinese embodiment of wealth.
Period. Roman.
Figure. 61, black steatite, Quft.
Material. Black steatite.
Collection. Univ. Coll. P. 1.
CHAPTER V
AMULETS OF PROPERTY
KTEMATIC AMULETS, 6282.
THESE amulets, representing the funeral offerings of food
and drink, and the furniture of objects for the use of the
dead, are peculiarly Egyptian. From very early times
provision for the continued life of the deceased was placed
in the grave, sometimes on an immense scale. As the
belief in substitutes grew, so gradually models came to
replace the real objects, and then small amulets were sub-
stituted for the models. It might seem doubtful where to
divide between this class and the last. The mace heads
are classed as amulets of power, as the mace is used
symbolically by the king in all periods ; but the spear head
included as property, is never used symbolically. Again,
the plummet and square are probably emblems of qualities,
as the dead is never represented as building ; but the
writing tablet and seal are classed as property, as in the
future life the deceased would require to write and seal
orders. These are the means of writing rather than symbols
of the power of writing. The border line of the two classes
is seldom really in question.
The order followed here is, food, drink, clothing and
objects used.
62. OX HEAD.
Name. Unknown.
Meaning. Food offering. An actual head is often
found in graves, from the prehistoric down to the XHth
dynasty.
Period. Prehistoric to XVIII.
Figures. 62a, calcite ; 62b, quartz, green-glazed ; 62e,
carnelian ; 62c, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, carnelian ; 62d, clear green
serpentine, prehistoric; 62e, blue glaze, VI (?); 62f, red
glass, XVIII (?) ; 62g (pi xliv), quartz, green-blue glaze ; 62h,
carnelian.
Materials. Carnelian 9, Quartz, green-glazed 2, Noble
19
D 2
AMULETS OF PROPERTY
serpentine 2, 1 each of Blackened limestone, Agate, Calcite,
Blue glaze, Bed glass.
Collections. Univ. Coll. P. 18, Murch 4.
63. COW, LEGS TIED.
Name. Rehen (?).
Meaning. Food offering. ' ' The image of a cow," for which
the 162nd chapter of the Book of the Dead is recited,
seems rather to refer to a free cow, and not to a sacrifice.
Varieties. A, round. B, flat.
Period. V, XXVI to Ptolemaic.
Figures. 63a, red jasper; 63b, red steatite, both round;
63c, flat, red glass ; 63d, red glass ; 63e, red glass.
Materials. " Red sandstone " (? jasper) 9, Red jasper 9,
Red glass 11, Blue glaze 8, Green glaze 1, "Yellow stone"
1, Brown limestone 1, Alabaster 1.
Position. Base of chest and lower.
Collections. Cairo 11, Univ. Coll. P. 5, E. 2, Price 6,
Alnwick 4, Turin 8, Edinburgh 1, Athens 1, Murch 1.
64. GAZELLE.
Meaning. Food offering (?), but see under sacred animals,
Nos. 21416.
65. JOINT OF MEAT.
Name. Ao, Auo.
Meaning. Food offering.
Period. VI or XII (?).
Figure. 65, quartz crystal, part of the ribs and side of
an ox, exquisitely finished.
Material. Quartz crystal.
Collection. Univ. Coll. P. 1.
66. GOOSE OR DUCK.
Name. Sa.
Meaning. Food offering.
Varieties. A, whole figure. B, head.
Figures. Not here.
Materials. Blue glass 2, Rod jasper 1, Red glaze 1,
Green glaze 3, Black and white glass 1, Bronze 1.
Position. Mid line, Hawara.
Collections. Turin 2, B 1, Alnwick 1, Price 1, Murch 1.
67. DISH OF FLOUR ON MAT.
Name. Hotep.
Meaning. Flour offering ; a dish of flour on a reed mat
(Medum, xi).
Period. XXVI.
Figure. Not here.
Material. Green glaze.
Position. Lower row, Hawara.
68. ALTAR WITH CAKES.
Name. Thet(?).
Meaning. Food offering.
Period. XXVI to Ptolemaic.
Figures. 68a, blue glaze, square cake; 68b, bronze,
four cakes ; 68c, bronze, one cake ; 68d, gilt wax, three
vases and three cakes, Dendereh, group 20 (pi. xliv) ; 68e,
green glaze (pi. xlvi).
Materials. Bronze 2, Green glaze 1, Blue glaze 1, Gilt
wax 1.
Collections. Univ. Coll. P. 5, Cairo 5.
69. DATE.
Name. Benr.
Meaning. Food offering.
Period. XIX(?).
Figure. 69, green glaze, black calyx.
Collection. Univ. Coll. P. 1.
70. VASE.
Names. 45 different names are known, but the forms are
not yet distinguished.
Meaning. Drink offerings of various kinds.
Varieties. A, heart form, two-handled. B, situla. C, one-
handled measure. D, pilgrim bottle. E, heart shape. F,
amphora. G, handled jug. H, dipper.
Period, XXVI to Roman.
Figures. 70a, diorite ; 70b, c, d, blue glaze, situla ; 70e,
green glaze, measure ; 70f, green glaze, pilgrim bottle ;
70f 2, red glaze, XVIII Riqqeh ; 70g, red jasper ; 70h, bronze,
amphora, Roman ; 70j, green glaze, yellow spots, amphora,
Roman ; 70k, black and white glass ; 701, brown pottery ;
70m, green glaze, Bes head on it ; 70n, bronze ; 70o, pottery,
(pi. xlvi) ; 70p, green glaze (xlvii) ; 70q, black and green
glass (xlvii) ; 70r, green glaze, Illahun, XXIII (xlv).
Materials. Green glaze 8, Blue glaze 7, Gold 2, Bronze
2, Glass 1, Brown pottery 2, Diorite 1, Red jasper 1,
Wood 1.
Position. Throat.
Collections. Univ. Coll. P. 14, E. 2, Price 7, Cairo 1.
71. COLLAR.
Name. Usekh, with hawk heads (MacG. 2); Usekh of
lord of Eternity, with deep rows of beads (MacG. 82) ;
Usekh of the hawk, with spread Lawk on middle (MacG. 38) ;
Usekh of the vulture and uraeus, with the emblems (MacG.
36); Usekh of Mut, with the vulture with curved wings
(LACAU, 436).
Meaning. Dress of the living, in contrast to the dead.
The Chapter 158 of the Book of the Dead is as follows :
" The chapter of the collar of gold, put on the neck of
the deceased. my father ! my brother ! my mother
Isis! I am unveiled and I am seen. I am one of the
unveiled ones, who see Geb."
20
AMULETS OF PROPERTY
Varieties. A, plain rows of beads "of the lord of Eternity,"
Osiris (MacG. 82). B, with hawk heads (MacG. 2).
C, deep and short rows (Fig. 70b). D, with hawk
(MacG. 88). E, with vulture of Mut (LACAU, 486).
F, with vulture and uraeus (MacG. 86).
Period. XXVI to Koman.
Figures. 71a, type B, green and black glaze, Dondereh,
Ptolemaic, group 21 ; 71b, type C, blue and black glaze,
group 21 ; 71 c, wax gilt, Dendereh, Ptolemaic, group 20.
Material. Gold inlaid 2, Gold foil 2, Blue glaze 8, Ked
jasper 2.
Position. Neck and upper chest.
Collections. Cairo, Horuza 2, Univ. Coll. P. 2, Murch 2,
Alnwick 1.
72. CLOTHING.
Name. Monkhet (LACAU, 442) ; oper.
Meaning. Clothing.
Period. XXVI to Roman.
Figures. 72a, b, black and white porphyry ; 72c, c 2,
diorite ; 72d, white glass.
Materials. Diorite 14, Serpentine 2, Granite 2, Porphyry
8, Red glass 1, White glass 1, " Grey stone" 1, Wood 1.
Position. Chest (8).
Collections. Cairo 16, Univ. Coll. P. 4, E. 1, St. Peters-
burg 1, Turin 1, Alnwick 1.
73. ROYAL HEAD-DRESS.
Name. Seden (XXV stele), or Nems (LACAU, 487 ; MacG.
4), or Khat (LACAU, 489).
Meaning. Royal clothing.
Figure. Not here.
Material. Carnelian.
Collection. Cairo.
Another head-dress was Ondet (MacG. 8).
The beard was Khebsat (MacG. 20). Neither of these are
found as amulets.
74. COMB.
Name. (?).
Meaning. Hair dressing. Actual combs are common in
prehistoric and XVIII.
Period. Roman.
Figures. 74a, b, bone, Tell el Amarna, Roman ; 74c, d,
e, bone.
Material. All of bone.
Collection. Univ. Coll. P. 5 (group 24).
75. SPEAR HEAD.
Name. (?).
Meaning. Defence.
Period. Prehistoric.
Figure. Naqada, Iviii.
Material. Green serpentine.
76. WRITING TABLET.
Name. Themes, or Kher-o, " under the arm." Medum,
xiii ; Saqq. Mast., ii.
Meaning. Provision for writing. The writing materials
were prayed for in the 94th chapter of the Book of the
Dead.
Period. XXVI and later.
Figures. 76a, green diorite ; 76b, blue glass, with incised
figure of Tahuti.
Materials. Green felspar 8, Beryl 8, " Black-grey stone "
4, Lazuli 8, Obsidian 1, Green glaze 1, Green jasper 1, Green
glass 1, Haematite 1, Diorite 1, Blue glass 1.
Position. Throat (1) ; chest (6) ; stomach (1).
Collections. Cairo 23, Price 8, Univ. Coll. P. 2, Alnwick
1, Edinburgh 1. Some of these may have been No. 20,
with the papyrus drawn but not engraved.
77. NAME BADGE.
Name. Serekh, " that which makes known " (MacG. 51).
Se-at or Seurat (LACAU, 444 5).
Meaning. To preserve the name. The 25th chapter
of the Book of the Dead is, " Whereby a person remembereth
his name in the underworld." Even the gods might lose
their names, for of the fiery region of the 12th domain we
read : " No god goes down into it ... for the four snakes
would destroy their names " (B. of D., 149).
Varieties. A, long bead. B, flatted prism.
Period. A, XII. B, XIX.
Figures. 77a, carnelian, as worn on neck, see Khnuniu-
hotep (Gizeh and Rifeh, xi) ; 77b, amethyst with name of
King Senusert ; 77c, carnelian with name of Bakmut ; 77d,
silver, Vlth dynasty, group 13 ; 77e, gold, Qurneh. See
3 of carnelian of Hapi, Pasar and Khaeruuas (MAIUETTE,
Serapeum, iii, xi).
Materials. Carnelian 5, Amethyst 1, Gold 1 (and LACAU,
449), Green felspar (LACAU, 4535), Silver 1.
Position. On neck (Gizcli and Rifeh, xi).
Collections. Univ. Coll. P. 5, Cairo type A 2, type B 8.
78. CARTOUCHE.
Name. Han.
Meaning. To preserve the name ; later substitute for
previous name badge, No 77.
Varieties. A, plain. B, with feathers on top.
Period. XXVI.
figures. 78a, diorite ; 78a 2, lazuli ; 78b, basalt.
Materials. Lazuli 10, Green glaze 1, " White stone " 1,
"Black stone," Cairo, 1, Yellow limestone 1, Diorite 1,
Basalt 1.
Position. Neck ; top of chest ; top of stomach.
Collections. Cairo 10, Brit. Mus. 5, B 4, Univ. Coll. P.
2, E. 1, Alnwick 1, Edinburgh 1.
21
AMULETS OF PROPERTY
79. SEAL.
Meaning. Power over property.
Period. XXVI to Ptolemaic.
Fie/urea. 79a, white limestone ; 791), brown limestone ;
79b 2, green felspar ; 79b 8, 4, lazuli ; 79b 5, basalt ;
79c (pi. xliv), blue glaze, Dendereh, Ptolemaic, group 21.
Materials. Lazuli 17, Green felspar 9, Green glaze 7,
Basalt 7, Blue glaze 4, Limestone 4, Slate 2, Quartz 2, Prase
1, Agate 1.
Position. Eight hand 5 ; left hand 5 (on 2nd finger,
between 2nd and 3rd finger) ; low on stomach.
Collections. Cairo 18, St. Petersburg 12, Univ. Coll., P.
8, E. 8, Alnwick 5.
80. SEAL RING.
Name. Zebot.
Meaning. Power over property.
Period. XXVI to Ptolemaic.
Figures. 80, Lazuli.
Materials. Gold 1, Lazuli 2, Green glaze 1 (Hor-uza,
Hawara).
Position. Between 2nd and 3rd, between 3rd and 4th
fingers right hand ; on 3rd finger of left hand ; in left
hand; chest.
Collections. Cairo, Horuza 2, Univ. Coll. P. 1.
81. CIRCLE OF CORD.
Name. Shen, explained as Onkh-shau (LACAU, 112).
Meaning. " Benefits of life," as alien means " fulness,
completion," this implies the fulness of the gains and
rewards of life.
Period. XXVI.
Figures. 81, broken away at sides of base, same both
sides, light green glaze.
Materials. Basalt 5, Steatite 2, Lazuli 2, Green felspar
2, Quartz 1, Limestone 1, Green glaze 1.
Position. Top row, by cartouche.
Collections. St Petersburg 7, Alnwick 8, Univ. Coll. P.
1, E. 1, Price 1.
82. SLAVE FIGURE.
Name. Ushabti.
Meaning. To work for the deceased in the future life.
Varieties. Too extensive to state here. A breast-piece
of pendant ushabtis occurs in the XlXth dynasty.
Penod. XVIII to XXX. (The stone figures of the Xllth
dynasty are really figures of the dead.)
Figures. 82, One example of the XXIInd dynasty marks
the place of this subject as an amulet ; this ushabti is of
Zed-tehuti-as-onkh.
Materials. Bronze, all available stones, all colours of
Glaze, Pottery, Wood.
Position. A boxful of 200 was placed on each side of the
mummy.
Collections. All. This subject is as extensive as all other
amulets together.
CHAPTER VI
AMULETS FOR PROTECTION
PHYLACTIC AMULETS, 83 137.
IN this class the amulets or charms for protection are
what are more popularly regarded as amulets. The pur-
pose of these is to call into account some external agency
which is not as definite as a divinity. The most primitive
means are preferred, such as wearing shells, bones, animals,
cords, stones, etc. Doubtless a great number of vegetable
and animal objects were also included in this class, though
the great majority of such have naturally disappeared in
the course of ages. The great popularity and literary
importance of the inscribed charms, especially inscribed
gem stones, has fixed more attention on this kind of amulet,
almost to the exclusion of the various other classes.
83. SUN AND WINGS.
Meaning. Ra as protector.
Varieties. Seldom on the mummy, but usual over figures
and entrances to temples.
Period. Ptolemaic, as an amulet.
Figures. 83a, black steatite; 83b, gilt wax, Dendereh,
group 20.
Materials. Black steatite 1, Gilt wax 1.
Collection. Univ. Coll. P. 2.
84. SUN AND URAEI.
Meaning. Ra as ruler.
Varieties. Seldom on the mummy, but used as previous.
Period. Ptolemaic, as an amulet.
Figures. 84a, wood with traces of stucco and gilding ;
84b, green glaze, Dendereh, Ptolemaic, group 21 .
Materials. Green glaze 1, Wood 1.
Collection. Univ. Coll. P. 2.
AMULETS FOR PROTECTION
85. CRESCENT.
Name. Aoh.
Meaning. The protection of the moon god. Against evil
eye and witchery (BELL., xv, 26 ; xvi, 25). The emblem of
patricians at Rome (BoNi, Nuov. Antol., 1 Oct., 1912).
Varieties. A, alone. B, with disc. C, with cross.
Period. XVIII to Roman. Specially worn in early part
of 2nd cent. A.D. (Roman Portraits, 12, 14).
Figures. 85a, b, pale blue glass, XVIII ; 85c, black
glaze, XII or XVIII ; 85d, e, silver, Memphis, Roman,
group 27 ; 85f, gold, Memphis, group 27 ; 85g, silver ; 85h,
base silver; 8Sj,j2, white glass on blue, with red spots
around, Gurob, Roman. Type B, 85k, electrum, XII
dynasty (?) ; 831, blue glaze, XVIII ; 83m, black and yellow
serpentine, Roman ; 83n, bronze, Shurafeh, Coptic period.
See also plain bronze crescent, Roman age, Saft, in
HyksoB and Israelite Cities, xxxvii a.
Materials. Gold 1, Electrum 1, Silver 4, Bronze 2,
Glass 5, Blue glaze 1, Black glaze 1.
Position. Necklace.
Collection. Univ. Coll. P. 8.
86. MUMMY.
Name. Sah (MacG. 64). Sokar khent opcr, " Sokar in
clothing" (LANZ., Diz., Mit., xvii).
Meaning. Preservation of the body in mummy form (?).
Period. Graeco-Roman.
Figures. 86a, b, dark blue glass.
Materials. Green glaze 2, Blue glass 2.
Collections. Univ. Coll. P. 2, Turin 2.
87. MUMMY ON BIER.
Name. ?
Meaning. Preservation of the body (?).
Varieties. A, alone. B, with Anpu.
Period. Ptolemaic.
Figures. 87a, green glaze ; 87b, glass, burnt. Type B,
87c, blue glaze with black paint, Dendereh, Ptolemaic,
group 21.
Materials. Blue glaze 4, B 1, Green glaze 1, Red glass
B 1, Glass (burnt) 1, Painted pottery 1.
Position. Chest (2) ; stomach (2) ; knees (1).
Collections. Univ. Coll. P. 4, Athens 2, Edinburgh 2.
88. GIRDLE OF ISIS.
Name. Thct.
Meaning. Protection by the blood of Isis. Also the
girdle of Nut (LANZ., Diz. Mit., cli). This is the primitive
women's girdle, fuller than the onkh, the men's girdle.
The 156th chapter of theBook of the Dead reads: " Chapter
of the tie of red jasper which is put on the neck of the
deceased. The blood of Isis, the virtue of Isis ; the magic
power of Isis, the magic power of the Eye, are protecting
this great one ; they prevent any wrong being done to him
This chapter is said on a tie of red jasper, dipped in the
juice of ankhamn, inlaid into the substance of the sycomore
wood, and put on the neck of the deceased. Whoever has
this chapter read to him, the virtue of Isis protects him ;
Horus the son of Isis rejoices in seeing him, and no way
is barred to him, unfailingly."
Varieties. A, alone. B, double. C, double with zad sign.
Period. XIX to Roman.
Figures. 88a, red glass ; 88b, green glass ; 88c, green
glaze ; 88c 2, blue glaze ; 88d, e, e2, 8, green glaze, group 28,
XXV dynasty (?); 88f, faded green glaze; 88g, dark blue glaze,
XVIII or XIX ; 88h, h 2, j, j 2, j 3, red glass ; 88j 4, redlime-
stone ; 88j 5, slate ; 88k, pewter, possibly a clothing sign 72 ;
881, wax, gilt, Dendereh, group 20. See pi. xlvii, 88m,
carnelian of the royal scribe Paari ; 88n, jasper, of the chief
archer Nekht-a-min; 880, jasper of Roi; 88p, blue and
black glaze, Dendereh, Ptolemaic, group 26. Type B,
double, red glaze, XVIII (Ed). Also see 2 carnelian of
Khaemuas and 1 of Hapi (MARIETTE, Scrapeum, iii, xi, xx).
Materials. Red jasper 21, Carnelian 3, Red glass 18,
Brown jasper 13, Blue glaze 27, Green glaze 18, Red
glaze 1, Lazuli 2, Obsidian 1, Gold 1, Silver 1, Pewter plate
1, Brown paste 1, Green glass 1, Wax gilt 1.
Position. Neck (2) ; chest usual (11) ; stomach (2) ;
toes (1).
Collections. Cairo 47, Univ. Coll. P. 16, E. 7, Turin 12,
Price 12, Almvick 11, St. Petersburg 7, Edinburgh 1,
Murch 1.
89. SCARAB, FLAT BASE.
Name. Khepcr.
Meaning. Heart of Isis given to the deceased.
See Nos.
7 and 90 for the Book of the Dead.
Period. XVIII to XXX.
Figures. 89a, grey steatite, Ramesseum ; 89b, lazuli,
formerly set on a pectoral ; 89c, lazuli veneer on slate base,
Ramesseum ; 89d, basalt, Ramesseum ; 89d 2, volcanic ash ;
89e, limestone, Ramesseum ; 89f , malachite ; 89g, slate ;
89g 2, slate; 89g 3, steatite; 89h, peridot; 89j, k, indigo
glaze, XXII dynasty ; 891, blue-green glaze ; 891 2, red glass ;
89m, blue paste, Saqqareh, pierced for stitching on mummy
wrapping or network, as also the next; 89n, deep blue
paste ; 89o, red glass ; 89p, violet glass ; 89q, violet glass ;
89r, s, deep blue clear glass ; 89t, same, burnt ; 89u, deep
blue clear glass ; 89uu (pi. xliv), same ; 89v, yellow glass ;
89w, x, amber ; 89x, 2, 3, durite ; 89y, green glaze with
yellow points, Roman.
Materials (apart from Cairo catalogue which is, uncer-
tain). Basalt 17, Serpentine 15, Steatite 8, Green/jasper 6,
Porphyry 4, Green quartz 4, Schist 1, Blue glazre 5, Blue
glass 4, Green glaze 4, Lazuli 3, Violet glass 2, Blue paste 2,
Amber 2, Durite 1, Green felspar 1, Limestone I, Malachite
1, Peridot 1, Red glass 1, Yellow giass 1.
Position.
AMULETS FOR PROTECTION
Collections. Univ. Coll. P. 27, E. 5, Alnwick 28, St.
Petersburg 66, Price 10.
90. SCARAB, INSCRIBED BASE.
Name. Kheper.
Meaning. Heart of Isis given to the deceased. The 80th
chapter of the Book of the Dead appears in a slightly
different form (version B) upon the heart scarab, reading :
"My heart of my Mother, my heart of my Mother, my
heart of my becoming (in future life). May nothing rise
up against me in evidence ; may no hindrance be made
against me by the divine chiefs ; may there be no enemy
of thee against me in the presence of the Guardian of the
Balance. Thou art my ka in my body, the creator making
sound my limbs. Come forth to the bliss towards which
we are bound. May our name not be in bad odour with the
Ministrants, those who deal to men their course in life ; and
be there good for us, be there good to the hearer, be there
joy of heart, by the Weighing of words. May not lies be
uttered in the presence oE the God, before the great God lord
of Amenti. Behold thy uplifting is in the acquittal."
Varieties. A, various forms of this chapter are used,
sometimes only omitting half a dozen words, as on 901,
sometimes leaving only the opening invocation to the heart,
as on 90c. B, a suten du hotep formula is rarely used, as in
90u, v, aa.
Period. XVIIIth to XXIIIrd dynasties.
Figures. The backs on pi. viii, the inscriptions on pi. ix ;
90a, black steatite, name Huy ; 90b, brown limestone, of
Huria ; 90e, glazed steatite, of Set-mesa ; 90d, black steatite,
of Tuaa ; 90e, black steatite, of Ma-nehes, " the alert lion " ;
90f, hard light brown limestone in silver mount, of Min-em-
hat ; 90g, a metamorphic mud, similar in material to slate,
usually mis-called " green basalt," here called durite, of
Tet-bet, "nursing shepherd " (?) ; 90h, durite, of Dudut;
90j, durite, of Repen(?); 90k, jade, called by the Egyptians
nenmehen, as stated on the Kennard tablet (now in Berlin),
of the singer, Thentamen ; 901, durite (volcanic ash) of
Pamoy (secondary use) ; 90m, durite of Anefer ; 90n, durite,
of Tetames ; 90o, green glaze in copper mount, of the scribe
Nashuy ; 90p, durite, of Amen-mes ; 90q, limestone stained
brown-black (XVIIIth dynasty, as kohl pots) of the over-
seer of the serfs of Min, Kanure, from Ekhmim ; 90r, durite,
of the singer of Amen, Shab-mer-ast ; 90s, durite of Zed-
ptah-a-onkh; 90t, jade, name lost; 90u, black steatite of
Hor-se-ast ; 90v, blue paste, very illegibly cut, apparently
of Peh-ne-kha-user ; 90w (pi. xlvi) lazuli, of the keeper
of the cattle Tahutimes, XVIIIth dynasty. The following
not in plates : 90x, violet glass plate, with hollow
crystal back in which is painted the heron, backed with
gold foil, for Auf-neren-neheh, Gurob, XVIIIth dynasty ;
90y, limestone, coloured brown, of the singer of Isis,
Hatsheps, XVIIIth dynasty ; 90z, limestone, of Huy ;
90aa, lazuli, nesut du hotep formula without a name,
group 81.
Materials (omitting Cairo as uncertain ; the other collec-
tions as stated, but probably in error on basalt). Basalt (?)
18, Durite 9, Porphyry (?) 6, Limestone 5, Steatite 5,
Serpentine 5, Green jasper (?) 4, Schist 4, Jade 2, Lazuli 2,
Green felspar 1, Glazed steatite 1, Green glaze 1, Blue
glaze 1, Blue paste 1, Violet glass 1.
Position. On the chest (?).
Collections. Univ. Coll. P. 26, Alnwick 17, Price 5.
91. PECTORAL.
Name. Unknown.
Meaning. Heart of Isis.
Varieties. A, in one piece. B, with separate scarab
(see MacG. 68, 69, 70).
Period. XVIII to Ptolemaic.
Figures. 91a, durite, filled in with yellowpaste; upper side,
scarab with akhet bird on back, Isis and Nebhat standing on a
boat adoring it; under side, the scarab outline with the
invocations of the beginning of the chapter, and figure of
Unnefer adoring Osiris ; 91b, black steatite, Isis and
Nebhat, winged, adoring, but the middle blank, probably a
scarab has been attached ; back, Osiris " lord of eternity,
lord of Ta-zeser," adored by the deceased and Isis ; on the
top edge the name " Set-ha-em-tepy " ; 91c, gold, a woman
Nefert-her adoring " Isis the great mother " ; 91d, electrum,
figure of Tahuti, with altar of offerings. " The speech of
Tahuti, lord of Khemenu, give life, health, and strength to.
the son of the high priest of Amen, Uasakauasa,
acquitted, son of the high priest of Amen, Fu-ua-merth,
acquitted " ; 91e, green glaze, zad between two thet girdles,
back, jackal couchant on shrine, with right mat eye above ;
91f, blue-green glaze, jackal couchant on shrine " Anpu in
his bandages lord of the desert " ; 91g, shrine of black and
yellow serpentine, apparently an inserted figure has been
lost. See green-glazed pectoral of Pasar (MARIETTE,
Serapeum, iii, xii).
Materials. Green glaze 13, Blue glaze 3, Glazed stone 8,
Slate 6, Durite 1, Wood 8, Schist 2, Blue frit 2, Steatite 1,
Serpentine 1, Red-brown glaze 1, Gold 1, Electrum 1.
Position. On breast (2) ; on stomach (1).
Collections. Cairo 35, Univ. Coll. P. 7, St. Petersburg 6,
Price 2, Edinburgh 1, Alnwick 1.
92. SCARAB WITH LEGS.
Name. Kheper (MacG. 61).
Meaning. Protection against quartan fever (PLINY, xxx,
30). Snake bite (Africa). Agate scarab against evil eye
(BELL., xiii, 27). Horns of scarab for children (PLINY,
xxx, 47).
Varieties. Actual beetles were buried in jars in pre-
historic graves. An alabaster case in the form of a scarab,
to hang round the neck, hollow as a reliquary, of 1st dynasty,
Cairo (Tarkhan, xiv). A, with legs, natural head. B, hawk-
headed. C, with four rams' heads (LANZ., Diz. Mit., 490). D,
human headed (L., Diz. Mit., ccl).
24
AMULETS FOR PROTECTION
Period. 1st to XXXth dynasties.
Figures. 92a, obsidian, of exquisitely detailed work
(the wing cases being also delicately ribbed), and prob-
ably of the Xllth dynasty, when obsidian was a favourite
material for the best inscribed scarabs ; 92b, diorite ; b 2, 8,
4, Hawara, porphyry, hard steatite, brown limestone,
XXVI ; 92c, green glaze ; 92d, greenish-blue glaze ;
92d 2, 3, white limestone ; d 4, steatite ; d 5, haematite ;
d 6, 7, green glaze ; 92e, f, f 2 f 8, green glaze faded, Hawara,
XXVI ; 92e 2, brown basalt ; 92g (pi. xliv), green glaze,
Dendereh, Ptolemaic ; 92h (pi. xlvi), green glaze ; 92 j, blue
and black glaze, Dendereh, Ptolemaic, group 26 (pi. xxxii).
Materials. Basalt (durite ?) 22, Porphyry 14, Lazuli 13,
Green glaze 84, Blue glaze 8, Serpentine 8, Haematito 6,
Carnelian 6, Brown steatite 7, Limestone 4, Prase 3, Black
syenite 4, Green syenite 2, Green glass 3, Green felspar 2,
Beryl 2, Obsidian 2, White glass 1, Bronze 1, Diorite 1.
Position. Throat (4) ; chest (28) ; stomach (5) ; left
hand (2).
Collection*. St. Petersburg 65, Univ. Coll. P. 85, E. 15,
Price 22.
93. SCARAB WINGED.
Meaning. Protective power of the Creator (?).
Varieties. A, winged. B, winged, on legs walking
Dendereh 15, pi. li). C, winged in boat.
Period. XXII to XXX.
Figures. 93a, flame-coloured sard, X VIII (?); 93b, pewter,
group 18 ; 93c, bronze with human head, crowned with
disc, horns, and uraeus ; 93d, blue paste, with holes for
stitching on to a mummy network ; 93e, f, blue glaze, with
four genii, Dendereh, Ptolemaic, group 21 ; 93g, green glaze
with violet inlay in the hawk heads, and four genii. For
other figures of the genii see 182. Type C, 93h, blue glaze
(xlvii).
Materials. Green glaze 3, Sard 1, Blue paste 1, Pewter 1,
Gold 1, Blue glass 2, Black glaze 1.
Position. Collar-bone (3) ; breast (3) ; stomach (1).
Collections. Univ. Coll. P. 8, Athens 3, St. Petersburg 1.
94. VULTURE STANDING.
Namra. Nert, Demzedet, Ament, Themt, Urtheka, Sebkhet
Kherert (MacG. 12, 13, 14, 15, 29, 45, 47, 66).
Meaning. Five different vultures confer Being, Divinity,
Living with gods, Going among men, and Youth (LACAU,
99).
Period. VI to Roman.
Figures. 94a, bone, VI, group 5 ; 94a 2, carnelian,
group 7 ; 94a 3, 4, blue glaze, rude, VI, Zaraby ; 94b,
bone, group 6 ; 94c, bone, group 8 ; 95d, gold. (See
MARIETTB, Serapeum, iii, xi ; Naqada, Iviii, Xllth dynasty.)
Materials. Lazuli 4, Gold 2, Blue glaze 3, Bone 8,
Carnelian 1, Syenite 1, Yellow glaze 1, Red glaze 1.
Position. Neck (2) ; base of chest (8),
Collections. Univ. Coll- P. 7, Turin 8, Murch 2, Cairo 2
(Horuza), St. Petersburg 1, Alnwick 1.
95. VULTURE WITH WINGS SPREAD.
Name. Nert-hent-pet-er-remtu (?), " The Vulture mistress
of heaven over mankind." Nert-her-ne-pot, " The Vulture
who is over men " (MacG. 84, 48).
Meaning. Protection. The 157th chapter of the Book
of the Dead is as follows : " Chapter of the vulture of gold,
put on the neck of the deceased. Isis has arrived; she
hovers over the dwellings, and she searches all the hidden
abodes of Horus when he comes out of the northern marshes
knocking down him whose face is evil. She causes him
(the deceased) to join the bark (of the sun), and grants him
the sovreinty over the worlds. When he has fought a great
fight, He (Horus) decrees what must be done in his honour ;
He causes fear of him to arise, and He creates terror. His
mother, the Great One, uses her protective power, which she
has handed over to Horus. Said on the vulture of gold.
If this chapter is written on it, it protects the deceased, the
powerful one, on the day of the funeral, and undeviatingly for
times infinite."
Varieties. A, vulture head. B, ram head. C, curved
wings.
Period. VI to Roman.
Figures. 93a, gold ; 93b, gold ; 9Sc, pewter, group 18 ;
95d, bronze. See type B, gold inlaid, in MARIETTE, Sera-
peum, iii, xii ; also C, gold inlaid, in MAR., Ser., iii, xx.
Materials. Gold 4, Pewter 1, Bronze 1.
Position. Neck 1 ; chest 1.
Collections. Univ. Coll. P. 4, Cairo, Horuza 1, St. Peters-
burg 1.
96. SERPENT (Not URAEUS, 5f).
Name. Zet (MacG. 5).
Meaning. Preservation from serpents (?). Teeth for
dentition (PLINY, xxx, 47).
Varieties. A, long. B, in tube. C, wavy. D, coiled.
(screw). E, spiral (volute).
Period. Prehistoric to XXVI (?).
Figures. A, 96a, dark wood, serpent of Mertseger (LANZ.,
Diz. Mit., cxxvii) ; 96 b, Hint, from Koptos, 1st dynasty (?).
B, 96c, red glass. C, two early dynastic house amulets in
pottery. D, 96d, yellow-brown limestone, prehistoric,
apparently to be placed round a finger or staff, two and a
half turns. E, 96e, lazuli, prehistoric ; 96f (pi. xlvii),
limestone, prehistoric, large amulet to hang in house,
acale 2 : 5.
Materials. Pottery 2, Lazuli 1, Flint 1, Yellow lime-
stone 1, Limestone 1, Rod glass 1, Wood 1.
Collection. Univ. Coll. P. 7.
97. SERPENT HEAD, OR FOREPART.
Name. Menqanjt, Menqabet (LACAU, 82 ; MacG. 1).
Meaning. To avoid snake bite. Chapter 83 of the Book
25
AMULETS FOR PROTECTION
of the Dead reads : " Chapter whereby all serpents are kept
back " ; Chapter 84 : " Chapter whereby a person is not
devoured by the dweller in the shrine " ; Chapter 85 :
" Chapter whereby the person is not devoured by a serpent
in the underworld." There is nothing in these chapters to
explain the amulets further.
Varieties. A, half length. B, head only.
Period. Prehistoric to XXVI.
Figures. 97a, red glass, of " the lady of the house Nefer-
renpit" ; 97b, carnelian,of " the royal scribe Ptah-mes, keeper
of the horses " ; 97c, d, carnelian ; 97e, sard ; 97e 2, yellow
jasper; 97f, f 2, green glaze ; 97g, carnelian ; 97h, haematite ;
97j, red limestone, prehistoric. Also see 2 carnelian of
Hapi (MAEIETTE, Serapeum, iii, xi).
Materials. Carnelian 50, Haematite 1, Red limestone 1,
Ivory 3, Blue glass 2, Bed jasper 1, Green glaze 5, Green
glass 1, Brown glass 1, Gold 1, Agate 1, Yellow jasper 1.
Position. Throat (2); base of neck (1); base of chest (1).
Collections. Cairo A 28, B 14, Univ. Coll. P. 9, E. 3,
St. Petersburg B 3, Murch 3, Alnwick 2, Turin 1.
98. COBRA ON CASE.
Name. Unknown.
Meaning. Snake's skin eases delivery (PLINY, xxx, 44).
For malaria (BELL., xiii, 20).
Varieties. A, reared up. B, lying twisted on case.
Period. This class of reptiles on cases is shown by the
inscribed names to be as early as the XXVth dynasty ; and
being mentioned by Pliny it probably extended to Ptolemaic
times.
Fif/itres. Type A, 98a, bronze ; 98b, bronze, cornice to
box ; 98c, bronze, upper part of hood broken away,
inscribed " Atmu give life to Un-nefer, son of Khonsu-
ardus, . . . life to Hapy, son of Shab-pa-hor " ; right
uzat eye on front. (This is classed by Daressy as a figure
of Atmu, by the inscription (Cairo Cat. 38,704), but as
Atmu never appears elsewhere as a serpent, the god is
probably only invoked for the fever.) Type B, 98d,d 2, d8,
bronze ; 98e, bronze. For shape of head see Descrip.
Eg. Beptilia, Supplem. 3.
Material. Bronze.
Collections. Univ. Coll. P. 6, E. 2, St. Petersburg 1.
99. AMPHISBAENA ON CASE.
Meaning. Worn alive for pregnancy (PLINY, xxx, 43).
Worn dead for rheumatism (P. xxx, 36).
Period. XXV to Ptolemaic.
Figures. 99a, b, bronze.
Material. Bronze.
Collection. Univ. Coll. P. 2, St. Petersburg 2.
100. PHAGRUS EEL ON CASE.
Meaning. Tooth of phagrus worn for malaria (PLINY,
xxxii, 33).
Period. XXV to Ptolemaic (?).
Figure. lOOa, b, c, bronze.
Material. Bronze.
Collection. Univ. Coll. P. 1, E. 2. See WILKINSON,
M. and C., iii, 842.
101. LIZARD ON CASE.
Meaning. Spotted lizard worn in case for quartan fever.
(PLINY, xxx, 30). Green lizard in case for tertian fever
(PLINY, xxx, 30).
Varieties. A, lizard. B, two lizards. C, lizard and
cobra.
Period. XXV to Ptolemaic (?).
Figures. These vary somewhat, but different types of
Gecko are not distinguishable. Type A, lOla, b, c, bronze ;
lOla 2, b 2, bronze. B, 101, bronze. C, lOld, bronze.
Material. Bronze.
Collection. Univ. Coll. P. 3, E. 4.
102. TAURT ON CASE.
Meaning. For pregnancy, as amphisbaena in PLINY,
xxx, 48.
Period. XXV to Ptolemaic (?).
Figure. 102.
Material. Bronze.
Collection. Univ. Coll. P. 1.
103. SHREW MOUSE ON CASE.
Meaning. Dead shrew mouse passed round boils (PLINY,
xxx, 34).
Period. XXV to Ptolemaic (?).
Figure. 103.
Material. Bronze.
Collections. St. Petersburg 2, Univ. Coll. P. 1.
104. HORN.
Name. Ob.
Meaning. For evil eye (BELL., xii, 12).
Period. Boman.
Figure. 104, gazelle horn tip, Shurafeh, 1912.
Material. Horn.
Collection. Univ. Coll. P. 1.
105. BONE.
Meaning. Human, for ulcer (PLINY, xxviii, 11) ; human
skull, epilepsy (BELL., xiv, 12) ; hare's pastern, bowel pains
(P. xxviii, 56) ; pig's pastern promotes discord (P. xxxviii,
81); frog, fevers and aphrodisiac (P., xxxii, 18); perch
vertebra, tertian fever (P., xxxii, 88).
Varieties. A, mammalian bone. B, crocodile plate.
Period. Boman.
Figures. A, 108a, Shurafeh, 1912. B, 105b, crocodile
26
AMULETS FOR PROTECTION
plate: 150c, crocodile plate with iron rings, and silvered
mirror stuck on by resin.
Collection. Univ. Coll. P. 3.
100. CORAL.
Meaning. Worn in India for dangers (PLINY, xxxii, 11).
Worn by infants (PLINY, xxviii, 7). la Italy worn against
evil eye (BELL., ix).
Period. Graeco-Roman.
Figure. 106, branch of coral with silver uraeus twisted
upon it. (See figure 58c, and Coral dog, 233c.)
Collection. Univ. Coll. P. 1.
107. CYPUAEA SHELL.
Name. Unknown.
Meaning. Protection from evil eye and witchery, from
resemblance to vulva ; (BELL., Am., 61;Fet., 38). In tombs
at Ascolano (BoNi, Xuor. Antol, 1 Oct., 1912).
Period. Prehistoric to Roman.
Figures. 107a, Cyp. pantherina, prehistoric, south town,
Naqadeh ; 107b, Cyp. annulus, prehistoric, 1625 Naqadeh ;
107c, d, same, Roman, Gheyta ; 107e, Cyp. canrica, Ballas ;
107f, silver gilt, same both sides ; 107g, silver sheet ; 107h,
carnelian; 107h, 2, dark blue glaze; 107J, green glaze,
Mahasna 448, Vlth dynasty; 107k, green glaze; 1071, pi.
xliv, black and white porphyry, XVIIIth dynasty ; 107m,
green glaze (pi. xlvi).
Materials. Shell, Silver gilt 1, Silver 1, Carnelian 1,
Green glaze 3, Blue glaze 1.
Position. Necklace, and bracelets.
Collection. Univ. Coll. P. 6, E. 1, and many shells.
108. NERITA CRASSILABRUM SHELL.
Period. Xllth dynasty.
Figures. 108a, b, Sinai, Serabit temple ; 108c, carnelian,
threaded with blue-glazed ball beads, Xllth dynasty.
Position. Necklace.
Collection. Univ. Coll. P., carnelian string, and many
shells.
109. MITRA MACULOSA SHELL.
Period. Late prehistoric to Xllth dynasty.
Figures. 109a, prehistoric, Ballas; 109b, blue paste,
Ballas 355, Xllth dynasty.
Position. Necklace.
Collection. Univ. Coll. P., string of beads, and many
shells.
110. CONUS SHELL.
Period. Late prehistoric, XXIIIth dynasty.
Figures. HOa, Zowaydeh ; HOb, c ; HOd (pi. xv), slice
of top, Hawara, XXIIIrd dynasty.
Position. Necklaces.
Collection. Univ. Coll. P.
111. CARDIUM EDULE SHELL.
Meaning. Against evil eye and witchery (BELL., ri, 4 ;
Fet. 47).
Period. Prehistoric to Vlth dynasty.
Figures. Ilia, prehistoric, Ballas 225; lllb, same (?) ;
lllc, carnelian, group 14; Hid, carnelian, group 1 ; Hie,
carnelian, Mahasna, tomb 461 ; lllf, g, h, carnelian, group
2 ; Hlj, carnelian, group 8.
Materials. Carnelian 8, many shells.
Position. Pectoral pendants.
Collection. Univ. Coll. P.
112. MELEAGRINA MARGARITIFERA SHELL
(RED SEA PEARL).
Period. XII to XVIII.
Figures. 112a a 5 (pi. xliv), engraved with name of
Senusert I ; 112c, electrum, with name of Amenemhat III ;
112c, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, plain, of Xllth dynasty; 112d, gold,
pectoral of King Rasokenen ; 112e, carnelian; with glass
beads, XVIIIth dynasty.
Materials. Shell 5, Gold 1, Electrum 4.
Position. Pectoral pendants.
Collection. Univ. Coll. P. 12.
113. CLEOPATRA BULIMOIDES SHELL.
Period. Late prehistoric to Vlth dynasty.
Figures. 113-1, string of shells, Bellas; 113b, bone,
group 5 ; 113c, green felspar, group 30 ; 113c, c 2, sard,
group 3 ; 113d, sard, group 2.
Materials. Shells, Sard 2, Green felspar 1, Bone 1.
Position. Necklace.
Collection. Univ. Coll. P. 4, and shells.
(The following shells are found pierced for wearing, but
no imitations are known.)
114. PECTUNCULUS VIOLACESCENS SHELL.
Meaning. Worn by Troglodyte women against witchery
(STRABO, XVI, iv, 17) ; pierced, for evil eye and witchery
(BELL., Fet., 41). Worn in Rome, tombs in Forum (BoNi,
A'wor. Antol., 1 Oct., 1912).
Period. Prehistoric.
Figure. 114, Ballas 519, Naqadeh 1681.
Collection. Univ. Coll. P.
115. POLINICES MAMILLA SHELL.
Period. Prehistoric.
Figure. 115, Ballas 572, Koptos.
Position. Necklace.
Collection. Univ. Coll. P.
116. CASSIS NODULOSA SHELL.
Period. Late prehistoric.
Figure. 118, Ballas 207.
27
AMULETS FOR PROTECTION
Position. Necklace.
Collection. Univ. Coll. P.
117. MUREX TERNISPINA SHELL.
Figure. 117.
Collection. Univ. Coll. P.
118. HELIX DESERTORUM SHELL.
Figures. 118a, b, c, prehistoric, Naqadeh 698 ; 118d,
e, f, Xllth dynasty, Hawara ; 118g, h, prehistoric,
Naqadeh 1615.
Position. Necklaces.
Collection. Univ. Coll. P.
119. CLANCULUS PHARAONIS SHELL.
Period. XXVth dynasty.
Figure. 119.
Collection. Univ. Coll. P.
120. TURBO, OPERCULUM
Period. Early.
Figure. 120, Koptos.
Collection. Univ. Coll. P.
121. OLIVA SHELL.
Period. Early.
Figures. 121a, b, Koptos, Naqadeh 1567.
Collection. Univ. Coll. P.
122. TEREBRA CONSOBRINA SHELL.
Period. Prehistoric.
Figure. 122, Naqadeh 1567, Koptos.
Collection, Univ. Coll. P.
123. STONE IMPLEMENT.
Names. Pcseshkef, and others.
Meaning. To open the mouth of the mummy (see 37).
Black round stones like axes are called baetuli, and longer
ones kerauniae ; they are sacred, and potent in taking cities
and fleets (PLINY, xxxvii, 51). Called " thunderstones " in
Italy and Northern Europe ; worn as charms against
lightning and evil actions (BELL., I III ; Fet., 43 ; Am., 14).
Also regarded as thunderstones in China.
Period. Prehistoric to XXVIth dynasty.
Figures. 123a, yellow steatite, Vlth dynasty, group 13;
123b, c, black jasper, the baetuli described by PLINY ; 123d,
honey sard, Hawara; 123e (pi. xliii), basalt; 123f (xliii),
slate ; 123g (xliii), green glaze, e, f, g, all from 1st dynasty
town Abydos; 123h (xliv), green glaze, Vlth dynasty,
Zaraby ; 123j (xv), green serpentine, prehistoric, Naqadeh
1567 ; 123k, silver ; 1231, iron ; 123m (pi. xlv), alabaster,
Illahun, XXIInd dynasty.
Materials. Black jasper 2, Green glaze 2, Alabaster 1,
Green serpentine 1, Yellow steatite 1, Honey sard 1, Silver 1,
Iron 1.
Collection. Univ. Coll. P. 12.
124. BELL.
Meaning. Worn by children against the evil eye (BELL.,
xv, 10). In Egypt probably worn by children, as it has a
head of Bes on the earlier examples.
Period. XXVI (?) to Roman.
Figures. 124a, iron, Illahun; 124b, bronze, Gurob;
124c, bronze, with head of Bes on each side (pi. xliv) ;
124d, bronze (pi. xlvi).
Material. All Bronze and Iron.
Position. Bracelet.
Collection. Univ. Coll. P. 5.
125. DOOR BOLT.
Name. Scst.
Meaning. Security (?).
Period. Vlth dynasty.
Figure. 125a, b, green glaze, Muhasna, tomb 13.
Collection. Univ. Coll. P. 1.
126. SEATED PRINCE.
Name, licpoti-liat.
Meaning. Protector (?).
Period. XVIIIth to XlXth dynasty.
Figures. 126a, blue glaze faded white
Rifeh.
Collection. Univ. Coll. P. 2.
126a2, red glaze,
127. PRINCESS.
Name. Hent.
Meaning. Protector ('?).
Period. XVIIIth dynasty.
Figures. 127a, bronze Tell el Amarna, perhaps a badge
worn by the household of a princess ; 127b, blue glaze.
Material. Bronze 1, Blue glaze 1.
Collection. Univ. Coll. P. 2.
128. MEDUSA HEAD.
Meaning. To protect by repelling onlookers.
Period. Roman.
Figures. 128a, b, green glaze ; 128c, green, yellow, and
black glaze (xliii).
Collection. Univ. Coll. P. 3.
129. BULLA.
Meaning. Protection.
Period. I to Roman.
Figures. 129a, b, b 2 (pi. xliii), carnelian, group 14 ; 129c
(xliii), green opaque serpentine, 1st dynasty town, Abydos ;
28
AMULETS FOR PROTECTION
129d, alabaster ; 129e, agate, XXIHrd (?) dynasty, Ranies-
seum ; 129f, ivory; 129g, jade, gilt resin attached to end
for the suspension hole ; 129h, black steatite; 1 29 j, green
glass in silver frame : 129k, gold over a white paste body ;
1291, flint nodule set in bronze frame (pi. xlvi). See
Naqada, Iviii, Ixiv, 97.
Materials. Carnelian 2, 1 each of Emery, Jade, Flint,
Agate, Black steatite, Alabaster, Gold, Ivory, Green glass.
Collection. Univ. Coll. P. 12.
130. FOREHEAD PENDANT.
Meaning. To distract and avert the evil eye.
Varieties. A, plain. B, matwork. C, figures. D, gilt
tube, modern.
Period. Prehistoric, Modern.
Figures. 130a, shell, hook inside at lower end to hold
up veil; 130b, shell, Naqadeh, T. 16; 130c, shell, Naqadeh
399 ; 130d, shell, Naqadeh 1848; 130e, shell, Naqadeh 1007 ;
130f, shell ; 130g, shell, Naqadeh 1848 ; 130h, shell, Naqadeh
1884 ; 130h 2, shell, Naqadeh 144 ; 130j, shell, Naqadeh, B.
323 ; 130k, 1, shell ; 130m, shell, Naqadeh 399 ; 130n, black
steatite ; 130o, p, black and white limestone ; 130q, clear
green serpentine ; 130r, black and white porphyry. Type B,
130s, shell carved in basket pattern, with hook at lower end
to hold up a veil. Type C, 130t, u, shell, carved as female
figures.
Materials. Shell 16, Black and white limestone 2, Black
steatite, 1, Black and white porphyry 1, Clear green serpen-
tine 1, Copper 1.
Position. On forehead, as found in burials, and curved
to fit the position.
Collection. Univ. Coll. P. 21.
131. KNOTTED CORD.
Meaning. No statement of the meaning remains in
Egypt, but in Europe we find according to Pliny (xxviii, 27)
seven knots in the girdle effective for catching hyaenas ; in
xxviii, 12, a thread knotted with the names of widows is
used for inguinal hernia ; and knotted hairs of a she-mule
for conception (xxx, 49). In modern times we read of un-
tying knots in cord to liberate a sailing wind, in the Isle of
Man, Finland and Germany ; and three times three knots
cast, three on each of three coloured threads in order to
check a man's movements. " Among the Hadeudoa, knots
which have been tied by a holy man, or even by a fiqi
(teacher), while a text of the Koran is recited, are pro-
tective, just as the ordinary hegab," or written charm in a
leather case (Seligmann). The essential idea seems to be
making anything certain, or controlling others.
Period. Xllth to XXVth dynasty.
Figures. 131a, knot of cord, of hollow gold, Dahshur
Xllth dynasty; 131b, cords with sard pendant, blue-glazed
uzat open work, papyrus charm pendants, cowry shells and
uzat eye; 131c, cords with bronze Nefertum, uzat eyes and
cowries; 131d, knotted card with papyrus charm pendants,
uzat eyes, and Isis seated of blue glaze ; 131e, with cowry-
shells, uzat eyes of blue glaze and bronze open-work,
papyrus charm pendant; 131f, knotted cords with baboon
of Tahuti seated, uzat eyes open-work, Taurt, tooth of
hyaena, cowry shell, papyrus charm pendant ; 131g, cord
with cowry shells, uzat eyes, Bast, and papyrus charm. All
from Kafr Ammar, xxiii xxv.
Position. On the neck and chest.
Collection. Univ. Coll. P. 7.
132. WOVEN CHARM.
Meaning. Protection.
Period. Coptic.
Figure. 132, COHC0E AWPE, " May thou be saved, !
Doros," in white on a purple band. Illahun. (An Arab
philosopher of this name is mentioned by Suidas.)
Collection. Univ. Coll. P.
133. CHARM CASE.
Meaning. To hold a written charm.
Varieties. A, vertical. B, horizontal. C, square. D,
heart-shaped. E, crescent-shaped.
Period. Xllth dynasty to Modern.
Figures. A, 133a, limestone model inscribed " Bast
lady of the city," early ; 133b, gold foil over resin body,
Xllth dynasty (?) ; 133c, bronze case, in form of obelisk,
with doors engraved on one side, inscribed, Asar men f
8eka dtt as f neb ta : " For Seka ; may Osiris establish
him, and may the lord of the land give his tomb," XXVth
dynasty; 133d, iron case, Balyzeh, Coptic; 133e, durite,
with cross lines, imitating binding (see next) ; 133f, roll of
leather, elaborately bound with thread. For imitation
charm cases in the Xllth dynasty see DaJichour, xvii, xviii,
xix, xxiv ; and later rough rolls of papyrus on the cords,
131 above. Imitated also by small cylinders of wood worn
against witchcraft in Central Africa (Leicester Museum).
See also imitation charm rolls in 131 b, d, f, g.
B. The horizontal charm case is later. 133g, pottery
model, Memphis, Roman ; 133h, black glass rod, gold ends ;
133j (pi. xliii), wood, Tell el A mania, Roman, group 24 ;
133k, dark violet opaque glass; 1331, green glaze ; 133m,
bronze, Wushim, all probably of Roman age ; 133 n, bronze,
Arab.
C. The square package is of Arab origin. 133o, cast lead,
inscribed, La illaha ilia Allah w.t khadamu la saw yd . .
" There is no god but Allah, and his servant shall not be
put to shame" : probably intended for a Copt to wear, with
a colourable imitation of the Muslim formula ; 133p,
leather case, containing Arabic charms written on a sheet
of paper, 12 X 17 inches, folded in 8 folds each way ;
it bears 57 lines with one inagic square of 6 X 8, and
another of 5 X 6, and a pentacle ; modern, brought by
Martyn Kennard from Nubia, 1851.
29
AMULETS FOR PROTECTION
D. 133q (pi. xiiv), silver, peacock-blue enamel, loose
plug at the top with slip inside to hold a written charm or
relic; 133r, bronze imitation of previous, not opening.
E. 133s, gold hollow, with imitation Runic inscription ;
133s 2, small copy in lead, Coptic ; 133t, gold, probably a
copy of an amulet case. The charm of writing 2468, the
number value of the name of Baduh the spirit of carrying,
is still written on letters in Egypt.
184. HYPOCEPIIALUS.
Meaning. Derived from the papyrus with the figure of a
cow, which was placed under the head of the dead according
to the 162nd chapter of the Book of the Dead. For an
account of some fine examples see Abydos, I., p. 50, pi. Ixxix.
Period. XXXth dynasty.
Figures. 134a, the deceased mummy on the back of the
cow, with the winged disc and uraeus over it, fragments of
formula around ; cartonnage coloured red and black ; 134b,
reverse of a, the four-ramheaded form of Amen, adored by two
baboons, two men and two women ; above, the bark of the
Sun ; below, reversed, the cow, with the winged disc and uraeus
over it ; fragments of inscription : black on yellow ground.
134b 2, a larger disc with more figures (like Abyd. Ixxix),
and on reverse the baboons adoring the shining disc, and
Isis and Nebhat mourning with the crowned zed sign
between : being black with fine yellow lines it will not photo-
graph ; 134c, eiy;ht crocodile heads around a disc, with eight
baboons above, and below Faunhatef offering Maat to the
hawk of Ra; yellow and red with black drawing on cartonnage.
135. INSCRIBED STONE CHARMS, GREEK.
Those on the left side of pi. xxi are the inscribed
reverses of those on the right side in the same order, each
to each.
Figures and Materials. 13Sa, black glass, Serapis with
Isis and Nephthys ; "Isis conquers"; 135b, hard black
limestone, Aphrodite drying her locks, S. Ps. ; 135c, brown
limestone, Isis nursing Iloru?, Athlthaththab, blundered
for Athlathanulba : Bos standing, Tas Berberctc for
Bebcretc (see 135t); 135d, black steatite, Mormnron in
Kobbli, possibly " A scaring for rascals," or perhaps
connected with mormorion a transparent black stone from
India (PLINY, xxxvii, 63) ; reverse in an unknown alphabet ;
135e, brown jasper, Anubis standing by a mummy laid
on a lion's back, Abrasax; 135f, green chalcedony, lion-
headed serpent radiated, three serpents across a staff
behind; Thmouer Khnoumis, Z, M, KH=6i7 ; 135g,
black limestone, Set standing holding serpents and onkh ; In
S?t laid; laed ba phren emoun (see 135aa); 135h, haematite,
hawk . . . atha, five letters in an unknown alphabet ; . . .
or; 135j, haematite, the sun's disc in an enclosure (see 135v,
pi. xxii) with ears of corn and serpents, Isis and Anubis (?)
above it, loo oro riouth ; Aphreni, Sumbel, Mekhtu, Pskhr
(? Sokar) cimi, Ikhankhala, Eoulkheottkh, apparently the
names of genii ; 135k, haematite, body of Harpekroti upon a
galloping lion; wreath and leaf, Eukairian, " good fortune " ;
1351, black limestone, figure standing with uraeus on head,
Atherne Mind Pisidaos Thibrim, Paausildi : four blundered
cartouches, among them the two cartouches of Ramessu II,
and that of Merneptah. Tell el Yehudiyeh ; 135m, blue
glass, Horus radiated in a bark, between Isis and Nephthys
winged; Sabaoth Adonai, " Lord of Hosts" ; 135n, blue glass,
Horus on the lotus in a bark, above him three khepers
(triune Creator), behind him three goats (evil persons), before
him probably were three hawks (justified persons), as on 135y ;
around, a ram, a lion, Set, Anubis and four signs lost ;
Plire (the sun) thbain . . . doi . . . and three lines of
unknown letters; 135o, Prussian blue glass, heart of Osiris
and heart of Isis facing ; lie Kharis, " favour." This may
belong to the followers of Marcus, who taught the partaking
of the Kharis in the wine (!REN., adv. Ilaer., I, xiii, 1 3) ;
135p, black steatite, lion-headed uraeus of Khnumu, over
the sun's disc in an enclosure, traces of inscription around ;
Bennu bird (soul of Osiris) wilh triple plant on a stand,
(compare the triple plant on stand behind Min), loo ; 135q.
black steatite, the bennu as before, crescent above, two
serpents across a staff below; Eupepti, " good digestion";
135r, black steatite, lion-headed uraeus, in circle, two
serpents across staff; bennu bird as on 135p (seelSSv, w,
next plate). PI. xxii ; 135s, black haematite, sun's disc in an
enclosure, lion-headed serpent over it, figure in front, bar
behind ; 135t, black steatite, Tas bcberte ; 135u, black
jasper, head of Serapis, diliullsse (division uncertain) ;
135v, w, as 135r. On pi. xlvi, 135x, jasper, dark green blood
stone, Harpokrates on the lotus in a papyrus bark, with a
crowned hawk on either end, star in front; 135y, haematite,
figures holding a spear, star before, crescent behind ; on the
back Mikhail; 135z, lazuli, crowned seated figure holding
plnale ; on the back Primou.
135aa, bronze; for the details of this elaborate amulet it
will be best to examine the facsimile on an enlarged scale
(pi. xlix), with transcription and translation of the intelligible
parts. On the first face is a large central figure of Bes,
with two additional human faces, one on either side. The
elaborate head-dress of animal heads, the four wings, and
the serpent at the feet enclosing various noxious animals,
are all seen on a bronze figure of Bes from the Serapeum,
and on the Metternich stele (LANZONB, l)iz. Mit., Ixxx, Ixxxi).
At the proper right is Bakhakhukh ; this phrase repeated
adding a syllable each time, occurs in the Greek and
Demotic magical papyri. The four-headed ram comes
next, with the name Khab, a god of the north with four
rams' heads (LANZ., Diz. Mit., 1190). Next is the name Bait
for Ra, the four-headed ram(L., D. M,. clxxxii). Following
is the title Ph ncskherphi, probably connected with kripld in
the laeo formula. This is followed by Pltokhos, a word found
in theLeyden magical papyrus, and as PhOx in the Demotic
magic papyrus. Phi/lax, " the guardian," is the title of the
sphinx on the opposite side of the axis. Beyond this is a
gryphon, with the words lie gom ph. ... In the next
30
AMULETS FOR PROTECTION
register is a bandaged mummy, holding scourges on each
of which are two uraei ; by the side is Ablanathanalba, a
word often found in magic papyri (Greek in British Museum,
Paris, and Leyden, also Demotic), and on gems. It is a
reversible phrase, the latter half made by reversing the
former part ; ablanath is the group to be explained. Opposite
is Anubis standing, with Alfximandrc-ida, " bark, guardian
of man." Behind him is lao-la-ila-ma ; it is tempting to
see in this an early type of the formula of Islam, " la illaha
ilia Allah " ; ma might be an Egyptian form of Aramaic
imi, " with me," Egyptain my, " with me," Arabic mdi.
Thus the formula might be rendered, " I AM, there is
none else with me," testifying the Unity. The phrase is
common in the Paris and British Museum Greek papyri.
In the third register is a partly defaced figure with two
large animal legs, and a crown of seven uraei. Compare
with parts of Horus in LANZ., D. M., ecxvii. By this begins
the Akrammahhamarix, which occurs with the termination
marei in the British Museum and Paris papyri. It is almost
a reversible word, and akhramakh is the group to be
explained. Possibly the Semitic kerim, gracious or noble,
may be the source, and the phrase be " thy most gracious
one." This would agree with the subject of Horus, tramp-
ling on crocodiles, and subduing the noxious animals. The
lion in the group has Saba by it, the Arabic saba, " a lion,"
justifying our looking to an Arabic form for the phrase
akhramakh. Above this is a lion trampling on a skeleton,
a group seen in other Gnostic objects a magical papyrus
in Paris, and a gem. Below is Abrasax, the mysterious
word commonest on Gnostic amulets, which has not been
explained. The numerical values of the letters total to 365.
Irenaeus (adv. Haeres, i, xxiv, 7) says that the Basilidians
declare that their chief is Abrasax (Greek) or Abraxas
(Latin version). It is therefore a divine name.
On the reverse of the amulet are, at the top, the Divine
names, lad lesous. Below these are three scarabs, the self-
becoming animal, emblems of the Creative Trinity. Below
is Horus in the bark, which shows the direction to be
facing the three hawks. These birds are the souls of the
Just, standing before the Trinity ; behind are the evil
animals going away, three goats, three serpents, and three
crocodiles. Under the hawks is the reversible inscription
laeo ba phren emoun othilari on acu (reversing) ea iphirk
ira litho mtome nerph ab deal. This sentence is found
elsewhere in completely reversible form, with kriphi in
place of on in the first half, in magical papyri of British
Museum, Paris, and Berlin. The substitution of on for
kriphi here is of value, as showing how the sentence is
to be divided, and that some equivalence may be looked for
in these two words. Also the sentence breaks after emoun,
as shown by 135g. In the centre is Horus seated in the
lotus flower in a boat, with a figure before him. Behind
is Brinteti en, which must be compared with the phrase
below, Brintat enophri, clearly enophri is un-nefer, " the
good Being," and en may be un, " the being." Behind this
is a radiated lion-headed god, holding a radiated lion-headed
serpent, and the onkh. This is a form of Ehnumu, as he
is called Khnoubis Kharnous, which is a late form of Khnumu
kahran, "the horned."
In the second register is a figure wrapped in wings,
holding a standard. In the middle is a four-armed
crowned Horus ; the inscription is only legible at the end,
Ph noeououti, a prolonged form of pa nuter, " the god." In
front is another Horus with the royal attributes of the
scourge and tail (LANZ., D. M., ccxxvii, 1).
In the third register is Thoth seated, with a female
figure before him, carrying a standard and other objects.
Before these is a hawk with serpent tail, carrying a branch.
This is named Ar p<> khnoiqihis, "Horus the creator," and
behind is Brintat enophri. This combination is found in
Demotic and in the Paris Greak papyrus. Below khnouphi
may possibly be Rostlii Thuth neorlmi. Below can be
distinguished a lion, with perhaps Saba behind it, and a
baboon of Thoth with the head of the ibis of Thoth on the
back ; the other signs and letters can hardly be settled
without some better example of such figures.
At first sight the mixture of Egyptian, Semitic and
Greek would seem incredible to a scholar of any one of the
languages ; yet there can be no doubt of e:ich of these
elements. The names and figures of the gods show how
largely the Egyptian enters into the mixture ; the Semitic
is shown by Sola, the lion, which makes more probable the
readings of Akhrammakh and lao Li ila ma , and the Greek
is evident in Alexinvandreula and 1'ht/la.i: The looseness,
of the equivalents is seen in the variants Re, Ran, laeo,
lao, Khnoubis, Khnouphis, Brintat, Brinteti, so that we
cannot take literal accuracy as a criterion. The main value of
this amulet is in the figures which help to attach a
meaning to the phrases in the magical papyri.
The following references to papyri containing these
names I owe to the kindness of Sir Herbert Thompson :
Bakhakhukh, etc., W. S. V. p. 19, No. 16, 1. 50 and 70.
B. M. G. P. xlvi, 1. 11, 362. G. P. M. D., v 8, vi 25, viii. 10.
xxvii, 13 (see note to v 8).
Phokhos. L. P. G. in D. A. 1891, pp. 180, 184.
G. P. M. D. iv 18.
Ablanath.etc. B.M. xlvi,l. G3,478(B. M. G.P., L, 67, 80).
P. P. 1. 3030, L. P. G.,V, 4a 3, 5a 15. G. P. M. D.,L, 16,
verso xxii 13, xxvii 8. Also often on gems.
Lailama. P. P. 1625, 1804, 1983. D. A., p 5. B. M.
xlvi, 1. 349. See index of B. M. G. P., I., p. 261.
Abrasax. P. Z. G. P., I, 1. 303, II, 1. 154. D. A., p 182.
Akhrammakh, eta. B. M. xlvi, 1. 63 ; B. M. G. P., I., index,
p. 256. P. P. 982, 3030. Mimaut pap., 1. 79 (see \Vessely).
Lion treading on skeleton. D. A. p. 53. P. P., 1. 2132.
lesous. P. P. 1283, 3020.
laeo ba phren emoun, etc. P. P., 1. 398. B. M. xlvi, col. 5
verso. P. Z. G. P., I. Mimaut pap. 1. 59.
Arpokhnoupi, etc. P. Z. G. P., I, 237. P.P., 2199.
G. P. M. D. xvi 67.
31
AMULETS FOR PROTECTION
The above initials are : B. M. G. P., British Museum
Greek Papyri. D. A., Dietrich, Abraxas. G. P. M. D.,
Griffith, Pap. mag. demotic. L. P. G., Leyden, Pap. Grk.
P. P., Paris papyrus in Wessely, Griechische Zaiiberpapyrus
von Paris u. London, Wiener Denkschr. 1888. P. Z. G. P.,
Parthoy, Zwei griechische Papyri d. Berliner Mus. 1866.
W. S. V., Wiinsch, SethianiscJie Verftiichungstafeln.
figure standing with four characters behind ; 136j, grey
steatite, unknown'signs. PI. xxiii, 136k, 1, slate tablets with
degraded Kufic inscriptions ; 136m, black jasper, the moon
and Cancer, the house of the moon ; the sun and Leo, the
house of the sun ; barbaric imitation of inscription ; this
stone has been broken, and mounted in a silver band, with
the suspension ring at the bottom.
136. INSCRIBED STONE CHARMS, NON-GREEK.
Figures and Materials. PI. xxi, 136a, black steatite,
Horus hand in hand with another figure; two lines of
inscription. PI. xxii, 136b, five views, baealt ; a divinity
holding a branch standing on the back of a couchant bull ;
a tree, with two lines of inscription below ; four lines of
inscription on the base ; a palm tree with two young ones ;
a mountain, like Mt. Argaeus on the coins of Caesarea, two
lines of inscription. From the types and characters it
appears to belong to the Cilician region ; 136c, black
steatite, Horus on crocodiles of usual type, but with hiero-
glyphs reduced to a barbaric imitation, as also on the back;
136d, black steatite, a figure standing with a staff in the
hands, lines of characters on the back resembling Mandaite ;
136e, limestone blackened, two bird-headed figures over a
worshipper ; four lines of degraded Semitic ; 136f, two figures
with a serpent coiled on a staff; three lines of degraded
Semitic; 136g, slate, an ass-headed figure with legs ending
in serpents ; four lines of degraded characters ; 136h,onyx,
137. CROSS.
Name. Stauros.
Meaning. Salvation and protection.
Varieties. A, plain cross. B, Chi-rho cross.
Period. Coptic.
Figures. A, 137a, b, c, c2 to 6d, bronze; 137d2, lead;
137e, f, g, g 2 smaller, h, bronze ; 137j, mother of pearl;
137k, bronze; 1371, lead; 137m, black steatite, Koptos;
137n, n 2, with two balls on ends, o, o 2, bronze ; 137o 3,
lead ; 137p, bronze ; 137q, wood, and q 2, rougher ; 137r, s,
bone; 137t, 1 2, iron ; 137u, wood; 137v, y, bronze Mem-
phis; 137w, bronze; 137x, lead; 137z, bronze, hollow
reliquary case with aquamarine on the centre. B, 137aa
(xliv), dark blue glass, cross white, red spots around,
aa 2, similar in light blue glass. On pi. xlvi, A, 137ab,
bone; 137ac, lead; 137ad, lead; 137ae, af, lead, cross in
circle.
Materials. Bronze 22, Lead 8, Wood 3, Iron 2, Bone 2,
Black steatite 1, Mother of pearl 1.
CHAPTER VII
AMULETS OF HUMAN-HEADED GODS
THEOPHORIC AMULETS, 138 179.
When the dim ideas of similars and of charms such as
the Eskimo now use had given place to a belief in gods
with intelligence and feelings akin to those of men, it was
quite natural that the images of such deities should take the
place of the stocks and stones which had been venerated.
The system of amulets was at once adapted to the theistic
beliefs, and figures of the gods became the most popular of
:ill amulets. The very different numbers of amulets of the
various gods show clearly which were the most generally
worshipped. Horus, Isis and Osiris account for much more
than half of the human- headed figures. As the eye of Horus
was one of the earliest amulets, we begin with it here, as
introducing the Horus group.
138. UZAT EYE OF HORUS.
Name. Uzat (MacG. 52).
Meaning. The eye of Horus. The uzat eyes are
properly a pair, right and left, representing the two eyes of
Horus, which are also compared to the sun and moon.
" The 140th chapter of the Book of the Dead refers to the
sun as the eye, and was to be " Said on an eye of pure
Lazuli or mak stone ornamented with gold ; an offering is
made before it of all things good and holy ; . . . another
is made of jasper, which a man will put on any of his limbs
that he chooses." The 167th chapter refers to an uzat eye
brought by Tahuti.
Varieties. The main classes are put under different
numbers here, from 138 to 142. In this class, 138, we may
discriminate A, the earliest form (Old Kingdom) with very
short appendages, imitating the pattern of feathers below the
hawk's eye; B, larger appendages, with a flat surface; C,
coloured surface ; D, incised surface. The order in the plates
is that of the age as nearly as can be estimated. The order
of numbering and description is that of the classification.
Period. VI to Ptolemaic.
Figures. Type A, 138a, brown limestone group 8 ;
138b, c, d, sard, groups 1, 2, 7 ; 138e, green felspar, group
82
AMULETS OF HUMAN-HEADED GODS
80; 138f, bone, group 13 ; 138g, sard, group 14; 138g2,
sard, group 7 ; 138h, bone, group 5 ; 138h 2, sard, group 2 ;
138J, j 2, j 8, k, k2, sard, group 8; 138j 4, sard, group 7.
Type B, 1381, hard white calcite, back similar ; 1381 2, same,
back plain; 138m, volcanic ash ; 138m 2, 3, diorite; ni 4,
syenite; m 5, grey porphyry ; m6, pink limestone; m 7,
chlorite; m 8, haematite ; m 9, grey marble; m 10, dark
blue glass ; 138n, porphyry ; 138o, diorite ; 138o 2, jade ;
138p, steatite, XVIII, Tell Arnarna ; 138p 2, grey por-
phyry; 138q, porphyry. Type C, 138r, blue glaze, black
relief; 138s, same, Memphis, XXIII; 138t, same, faded;
138u, blue, black lines, Karnak, XXV; 138u2, similar;
1 38u 3, green glaze, Naukratis. Type D, 138v, jade; 138v2,
green glaze; 138w, olive green glaze; 138x, carnelian;
138x2, dark blue, three joined; 138x3, blue paste, Nau-
kratis; 138y, apple-green glaze, Gizeh; 138y2 5, blue
glaze, Naukratis ; 138z, diorite; 138aa, yellow green glaze ;
138ab, blue and black glaze; 138ab 2, green glaze ; 138ac,
green glaze, Memphis; 138ad, light blue-green glaze ;
138ad2 9, green glaze; 138ae, faded blue and black
glaze; 138ae 2 19, blue and black glaze, Zuweleyn and
Tanis ; 138af (pi. xliv), green and black glaze, Dendereh,
Ptolemaic ; 138ag (xliv), gold, XVIII. (See 131b, c, d, e, f,
also four early examples in Deshasheh and many of XXII
to XXV in Hyksos and Israelite Citicx).
Materials. Sard 29, Green and blue glaze 46, Porphyry
15, Amethyst 5, Green felspar 5, Gold 5, Carnelian 3,
Diorite 3, Calcite 2, Grey agate 2, Haematite 3, Lazuli 2,
Bone 2, Jade 2, and 1 each of Syenite, Volcanic ash, Ser-
pentine, Chlorite, Steatite, Brown limestone, Grey marble,
Pink limestone, Blue glass, Blue paste.
Position. Forehead (3); throat (5); chest (14); stomach
(8) ; arms and hands (3).
Collection. Univ. Coll. P. 39, E. 47. The lack of detail
in most catalogues prevents the statement of these different
classes.
139. UZAT EYE (UNUSUAL TYPES).
Varieties. A, open work. B, inlaid. C, metal plate.
D, engraved on ring. E, in square form. F, in cartouche.
Period. XII to Ptolemaic.
Figures. Type A, open work, 139a, b, silver; 139c,
electrum ring ; 139d, green glaze ; 139e, amethyst, Koptos,
XII (?) ; 139f, g, deep blue glaze, curved to fit the wrist, Uzat
with nefe.r, XVIII; 139h, olive and black glaze, XXIII;
139h 25, blue glaze ; 139h 6, blue and black glaze, large ;
139j, k, deep blue glaze, modern amulet beads, copied from
uzat. Type B, inlaid, 1391, blue and black glaze, inlaid
with white glaze eye, and red glaze cheek ; 139m, green
and black glaze, traces of red paste, inlay ; 139m 2, blue
glaze, Nebesheh ; 139m 3 12, green glaze, Naukratis.
Type C, metal plate, 139n, silver plate, incised ; 139n 2
(xlvii), lead plate, similar but larger, scale 2:5; 139ii 3
(xlvii), larger pewter plate cut to outline of eye, scale 2:5;
139n 4 (xlvii), copper plate, eye em bossed, scale 2:5; 139o,
bronze, eye inlaid with coloured limestone, and coloured
glass above and below. Type D, on ring, 139p, jasper
ring, engraved with uzat. Type E, square, 139q, green
and black glaze ; 139q 27, green, Nebesheh ; 139r, dull
green glaze; 139r 2, green glaze (xlvii); 139s, green glaze
burnt brown ; 139t, green glaze; 139u, bronze. Type F,
139v (pi. xliv), yellow glaze.
Materials. Green and blue glaze 84, Silver 8, Bronze 8,
Lead 2, Electrum 1, Amethyst 1, Jasper 1, Yellow glaze 1.
Collection. Univ. Coll. P. 24, E. 22.
140. UZAT EYE, MULTIPLE.
Varieties. A, bead cylinder. B, double eye. C, quad-
ruple eye. D, multiple eye.
Period. XXIIIth to XXVth dynasty.
Figures. Type A, 140a, green glaze gone brown, two
eyes alternate with two onkhs ; liOb, green and black glaze,
three eyes; 140c, deep blue and black glaze, two eyes.
Type B, 140d, light green, inscribed Sekhmet on back,
Zuweleyn. Type C, 140e, yellow paste, with traces of blue
paste inlay, reverse below; 140f, blue glaze, black lines and
yellow rosette; 140g, green and black glaze, two aaz plants
between the eyes ; 140g 2, 3, similar, Memphis ; 140g 4, 5,
flat plate, green, yellow. Type D, 140h, green glaze and
black, rosette on back, 20 eyes ; 140h 2, green gone brown ;
140j, green faded and black, uzat on back, 28 eyes. Another
in Price Collection had 21 eyes.
Materials. Green and blue glaze 13, Yellow glaze 1.
Collections. Univ. Coll. P. 10, E. 4.
141. UZAT EYE, WITH GODS.
M family. The 163rd chapter of the Book of the Dead
concerns the mystic eyes, and is to be " Said on a serpent
having two legs, and bearing a two-horned disc. Two eyes
are before him, having two legs and two wings." This may
refer to some such figure as the type A.
Varieties. A, vulture and uraeus. B, wing and arm.
C, with cats. D, with bull. E, with apes. F, with lion.
G, on hills. H, with Ra. J, with Sekhmet or Bastet.
Period. XXIIIrd dynasty.
Figures. Type A, 141a, the vulture's legs and wings
below the eye, and a uraeus before it. Type B, 141b, blue
glaze, with white glaze eye and obsidian pupil, and red
glaze inlay above and below the vulture's wings, and an
arm grasping an onkh, Eamesseum, XlXth dynasty (?).
Type C, 141c, green-blue glaze, flat back, with 19 cats, and
secondary uzat above the pupil; 141d, blue and black
glaze, with 13 cats ; 141e, blue and black glaze, with 9 cats.
Type D, 141f, green glaze faded, with bull ; 141g, green
glaze, bull on platform, lotus in front, 7 uraei above. Type
E, 141h, green glaze, two baboons adoring the uzat eye,
with nub below, plain back (compare MaeG. 74). Type F,
j, light blue glaze, couchant lion above, resting on three
AMULETS OF HUMAN -HEADED GODS
uzat eyes, behind which are 12 uraei ; 141k, apple-green
glaze, couchant lion, resting on 9 uraei, behind which are
three uzat eyes. Type G, 1411, jade, partly decomposed,
the uzat engraved on both sides, resting upon the triple
hill sign, representing Horus in the horizon. Type H,
141m (pi. xliv), Ka on back, green glaze. Type J, 141n, o,
p, 9, green glaze, with Sekhmet.
Collection. Univ. Coll. P. 12.
142. UZAT EYE, INSCRIBED.
Meaning and Varieties. The uzat is associated with a
group of seven goddesses, whose names are found singly on
the square eyes, or altogether on one eye.
Period. XXIInd dynasty.
Figures. 142a, green-glazed square with uzat in relief,
on back is impressed the name of the goddess Uazet; 142b,
same with Bastet ; 142c, with Aset ; 142d, with Nebhat ;
142e, with Sekhmet ; 142f, with Selket ; 142g, with Neit, all
from Zuweleyn; 142h, blue paste, with names of Uazet,
Bastet, Aset, Nebhat, Sekhmet, Selket, and Neit; 1 42 j, light
blue glaze, gone white, uzat in relief with name of Aset (?) ;
142k, green glaze, reverse of 141n, name of Uazet.
Materials. In general, the various types of uzat not
being sufficiently distinguished in catalogues, the materials
in other collections of Nos. 138 to 142 are here stated
together ; the materials in University College collection are
stated above in detail. Green glaze 178, Blue glaze 116,
Carnelian 84, Lazuli 25, Red jasper 28, Haematite 22,
Obsidian 13, Porphyry 8, Serpentine 7, Prase 7, Limestone
6, Steatite 6, Syenite 6, Diorite 4, Granite 4, Green felspar 4,
Blue glass 4, Basalt 3, Silver 3, Red glass 3, Gold 2, Calcite
2, Grey agate 1, Brown and green limestone 1, Crystal 1,
Slate 1, Brown limestone 1, Beryl 1, Silver gilt 1, Black
glass 1, Green glass 1.
Collections. Univ. Coll. P. 100, E. 84, Price 124, St.
Petersburg 85, Turin 84, Alnwick 75, Cairo 71, Athens 16,
Edinburgh 10.
143. HORUS THE HUNTER.
Name. Har.
Meaning. The overcoming of evil beasts.
Period. XXXth dynasty.
Figure. 143.
Material. Bronze.
Collection. Univ. Coll. P.
144. HORUS ON THE CROCODILES.
The great example of this usual household amulet is the
Metternich stele, published by Golenischeff, 1877. Perhaps
the earliest are two in limestone, which by the work may
be of the XXVth dynasty, one in Cairo, 9,403, and one
14 inches wide, 15 high to broken top, with fifteen
lines of inscription on the back, in University College, P.,
as also a smaller one in limestone 8 inches wide, perhaps
XXXth dynasty.
Meaning. Protection from noxious animals.
Period. XXV (?) to Roman.
Figures. 144a, white marble, ten lines of inscription on
back ; 144b, black steatite, reverse six lines, " Beloved of
Set, Anhur and Tahuti (?). Hnil to thee god son of a
god ; hail to thee heir son of an heir ; hail to thee bull
son of a bull, born of the great cow, 1 ' see Metternich stele,
11. 101 5; 144b 2, blue glaze, small, very rough; 144c,
black steatite, reverse four lines, " Become Horus, Osiris,
Amru and Ptah," etc. ; 144d, cast lead, for reverse, see
below it, hawk on standard as net, Isis standing behind,
Gurob ; 144e (see pi. xliii), black steatite, reverse (see
pi. xli), described under No. 241 ; 144f, light green glaze,
Isis and Nebhat standing at the sides, winged Isis on the
back (similar at St. Petersburg).
Collections. Cairo 27, Univ. Coll. P. 8, E. 1, Turin 6,
Price 4, St. Petersburg 5, Alnwick 3.
145. HORUS THE CHILD.
Name. Har-pc-kroti.
Meaning. Horus as an infant.
Varieties. A, seated. B, on goose. C, standing.
Period. VI to Roman.
Figures. 145a, bone, group 8, Vlth dynasty (see
Dcshaslieh, xxvi, 32) ; 143b, blue-glazed quartz crystal,
Xllth dynasty; 145c, d, bronze; 145d2, black steatite;
145e, black steatite, Horus seated on the ground, Xllth
dynasty (?) ; 145f, g, silver, group 16; 148g 2, bronze;
1451i, black steatite; 145j, silver, group 17 ; 145k, silver on
ring ; 1451 (pi. xlv), quartz crystal ; 145m m 5 (pi. xlv),
carnelian ; 148n, blue glaze, Roman; 145nn (xlvi), blue glaze,
Illahun, XXII ; 155o, bronze ; 145p, p 2, q, r, r 2, bronze ;
145s, on lion throne, blue glaze, Memphis ; 145t, blue
glaze. Type B, 145u, v, blue glaze with yellow points,
group 22, Roman ; 145v 2, coarse blue glaze. Type C,
145\v, x, blue glaze with yellow points, group 22, Roman.
Similar figures of B and C types, of large size, in rough terra
cotta, are very common as household amulets of Roman
age ; 145y (xlvii), dark blue glaze, holding club ; 145z,
green glaze, phallic, holding baboon and vase (xxvii).
Materials. Blue glaze 18, Bronze 9, Green glaze 7,
Silver 4, Carnelian 4, Quartz crystal 1, Black steatite 2,
Glazed quartz 2, Lazuli 2, Grey glaze 1, bone 1.
Collections. Univ. Coll. P. 20, E. 5, St. Petersburg 10,
Turin 4, Murch 6.
146. HORUS ON LOTUS.
This is not known before Greek times, and so may easily
be an Indian idea imported ; but Horus in the marshes of
Buto is so ancient an idea that the type might well arise in
Egypt.
34
AMULETS OF HUMAN-HEADED GODS
Figure. 146, gold, with traces of blue glass inlay in the
lotus, group 15. From north of Abydos.
Materials. Blue glaze with yellow points 2, Green glaze
1, Gold 1.
Collections. Turin 8, Univ. Coll. P. 1.
147. HEAD OF HORUS.
Period. Roman.
Figures. 147a, b, blue-green glaze.
Collections. Univ. Coll. P. 2.
148. ISIS AND HORUS.
Name. " The heir and Isis " (see MacG. 60).
Meaning. The protection of Isis.
Varieties and Period. A, seated on ground, Vlth dynasty.
B, seated on throne. XXVI to Roman.
Figures. Type A, 148a, b, steatite, glazed, with geo-
metrical patterns below, Vlth dynasty. B, 148c, d, e, f, g,
g2, g8, g4, blue glaze; 148h, j, silver, group 16; 148k,
bronze ; 1481, blue and black glaze ; 148m (pi. xlvi), bronze ;
148m 2, bronze ; 148m 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, green glaze.
Materials. Green glaze 19, Blue glaze 14, Bronze 5,
Silver 2, Steatite 2, Lazuli 1, Agate 1, Blue glass 2, Grey
glaze 1.
Collections. St. Petersburg 18, Univ. Coll. P. 15, E. 6,
Turin 5, Athens 2, Murch 2.
149. ISIS.
Period. XVIII to Roman.
Varieties. A, statuette. B, outline on plaque (Hawara
4, pi. 1). C, bust.
Figures. Type A, 149a, bronze, fringed garment; 149b,
dark blue glass, orange glass crown ; 149c, d, dark blue
glass; feet of d, green glass, another figure; 149e, bright
blue glaze, Ramesseum, XXth dynasty (?) ; 149f, gold, group
15, Isis or Mut, not Neit by the uraeus, see 164 Mut ; 149g,
silver, group 15 ; 149h, pewter plate, group 18 ; 149j, glaze
faded white, Hawara, group 82 ; 149k, gold, Memphis,
group 27 ; 1491, blue glaze with yellow points, Roman,
group 22 ; 149m, green-black glaze, possibly Neit ; 149m 2,
3, 4, 5, green glaze. Type C, 149n (pi. xlvi), bronze.
Materials. Green glaze 20, Blue glaze 18, Grey glaze 7,
Lazuli 7, Blue glass 4, Gold 3, Silver 1, Bronze 2, Pewter 1,
Brown glaze 1.
Position. Throat (1) ; on chest in row of gods (13) ;
stomach (1).
Collections. Turin 22, St. Petersburg 17, Univ. Coll. P.
18, E. 4, Murch 2, Athens 1.
150. ISIS MOURNING.
Meaning. Protection by Isis.
Varieties. A, kneeling with hand raised. B, standing
winged. Both as a pair to Nephthys.
Period. Ptolemaic.
Figures. Type A, 160a, b, b 2, gilt wax, Dendereh.
group 20; 150c, (d, not in plate), e, green and black
glaze, Dendereh, group 21 ; 150f, blue and black glaze,
Dendereh, 21, with two feathers on head, as 149g. Type B,
150g, blue and black glaze, standing, Dendereh, 21 ; 150h,'
green and black glaze, Dendereh, 21.
Materials. Blue or green glaze 5, gilt wax 8.
Position. Shoulders and chest (4).
Collection. Univ. Coll. P. 8.
151. ISIS PHARIA.
Name. Isis Pharia, of the Pharos at Alexandria, entirely
of Greek origin.
Meaning. Protection of sailors ; the goddess is reclining
in a barge and holding a steering oar.
Period. Ptolemaic and Roman.
Figures. 151a, green glaze faded brown ; 151b, violet-
blue glass; 181c (xlvi), pale blue glass, on back, Uel ; 151d,
coin of Gallienus, showing the type clearly.
Material. Green glaze 1, Violet glass 1, Pale blue
glass 1.
Collection. Univ. Coll. P. 3.
152. ISIS, NEBHAT, AND HORUS.
Meaning. The goddesses as protectresses.
Period. XXVI to Roman.
Figures, 152a, b, green glaze, no inscription, loop on
back; 152b, 2, 3, 4, green glaze; 182c, bronze, the right-
hand figure has the hair dressed in two horns as Iflis,
between the busts is a minute bust of Horus crowned.
Materials. Green glaze 49, Blue glaze 13, Grey glaze 4,
Yellow glaze 1, Bronze 1.
Position. On breast (2) ; along with large zad, or line of
zad amulets, on chest or stomach (4) ; on thighs.
Collections. Alnwick 21, St. Petersburg 8, Price 4, Univ.
Coll. P. 3, E. 3.
153. GROUPS OF GODDESSES.
Period. XXVth to XXVIth dynasties.
Figures. lS3a, green glaze, Isis, Hathor, Mut, Nebhat,
Sekhmet ; these can be better identified on a blue-glazed
pentad found at Hawara (Labyrinth, xxxi); 15 3 a 2, green
glaze Isis, Bast and Hathor (Edw.).
Collections. Univ. Coll. P. 1, E. 1, Manchester.
154. NEBHAT.
Meaning. Protection, as Nebhat protected Horus.
Varieties. A, statuette. B, outline on plaque (Hawara,
4, pi. xlix).
Period. XXVI.
Figures. 154a, green glaze; 184b, brown glaze (burnt);
154c, olive glaze; 154d, e, blue glaze; 184f, olive glaze;
184g, g 2, green glaze faded, Hawara; 154g, 8, 4, green
glaze; 184h (pi. xliii), light green glaze, inscribed on back,
" Nebhat give life to Nes . . ." ; 184j (pi. xlv), light green
glaze.
F 2
AMULETS OF HUMAN-HEADED GODS
Materials. Green glaze 2, Grey glaze 7, Blue glaze 6,
Lazuli, 4, Yellow glaze 2, Brown glaze 1, Blue glass 1.
Position. Chest (11); stomach 1.
Collections. Turin 18, St. Petersburg 10, Univ. Coll.
P. 8, E. 2, Murch 2, Athens 1.
155. NEBHAT MOURNING.
Meaning. Protection, as Nebhat protected Osiris.
Period. Ptolemaic.
Figures. 155a, gilt wax, Dendereh, group 20; 155b,
blue glaze, Dendereh, group 21.
Position. With No. 150, Isis mourning.
Collection. Univ. Coll. P. 2.
156. OSIRIS, ISIS, AND HORUS.
Meaning. Protection by the Triad. Horus always in
front, and Isis behind.
Period. Ptolemaic and Eoman.
Figures. 136a, a 2, gilt wax, Dendereh, group 20; 156b,
blue and black glaze, Dendereh, group 21 ; 156c, dark blue
and black glaze, group 26 ; 136d, black steatite, the heart
of Osiris, between Isis wearing the two feathers, and Horus
crowned, with the club in his hand ; the back divided into
8 by 6 squares ; traces of Greek cursive writing scratched
on the ground between the figures.
Materials. Blue glaze 2, Steatite 1, Gilt wax 1.
Collection. Univ. Coll. P. 4.
157. OSIRIS.
Varieties. A. Standing alone. B. Double figures. C.
Osiris-Min. D. Osiris and mummy.
Period XXVI to Roman.
Figures. 157a, a 2, 3, 4, b, b 2, c, c 2, c 3, bronze, b from
Memphis ; 157d, gilt wax, Dendereh ; 157e, e 2, blue glass ;
157f, green glaze, Dendereh, group 21 ; 157g, h (pi. xlv),
wax.
Materials. Bronze 20, Blue glaze 5, Green glaze 1,
Wax 3.
Position. Stomach (1) ; feet (1).
Collections. Univ. Coll. P. 8, E. 5, Turin 8 (B and C),
Athens 4, St. Petersburg 3.
158. HEART OF OSIRIS.
Meaning. The heart of the god supplied to the deceased ;
this branched into the idea of the heart scarab.
Varieties. A, plain. B, with shrine and scarab on front.
C, with figures of gods.
Period. XVIII to Roman.
Figures. Type B, 138a, black -green chlorite, XVIIIth
dynasty; shrine on front, Osiris and Ra seated at the
sides ; around the figure six lines of inscription, beginning,
" Speech of the Osirian (an official) of Amen, Pa Shedet,
and continuing with a random portion of the usual chapter
of the heart, xxx B. The person may be that named on
a Cairo stele, quoted in Lieblein, Diet., 657. Type A, 188b,
black steatite, with female head, XlXth dynasty; 158c,
alabaster ; 158d, black steatite ; bennu bird on front ; on
back Asar neb zad, " Osiris lord of Mendes " ; 158e, brown
steatite, traces of shrine on front ; 158f, white quartz ; 158g,
blue and black glaze, XlXth dynasty; 188h, bronze, disc
on head, Memphis. Type B, 158j, black steatite, blue paste
inlay, scarab on front. Type C, 138k, bronze, on front,
shrine, disc, scarab with wings, two gods at sides ; 1581,
bronze, two uraei head dress ; shrine with a hawk on each
corner and disc above it, disc and uraei below, scarab
winged ; six figures of gods at sides ; 158m, bronze, shrine,
winged scarab, on back lotus; 158n, green glaze, shrine;
158o, bronze, on front heart amulet, shrine with two seated
figures, scarab, at sides four figures with raised hands
adoring, two seated figures below; 158p, bronze, shrine, disc
and uraei, scarab, at sides two figures with raised hands ;
158q, mottled black and white steatite, shrine, winged scarab
with disc ; on back a hawk displayed with two feather fans;
158r, brown pottery, scarab (?) on front, Roman ; 158s,
brown pottery, winged scarab and disc, shrine below.
Materials. Bronze 7, Steatite 5, Pottery 2, Alabaster 1,
White quartz 1, Chalcedony 1, Agate 1, Blue glaze 1, Green
glaze 3, Chlorite 1, Limestone 1.
Collections. Univ. Coll. P. 18, Cairo 4, Athens 2,
Beck, 1.
159. ORACULAR BUST.
Name. Hez medu Asar (repeated with other gods,
Kheper, Atum, and Ea) LEPSIUS, Denk., iii, 224 i.
Meaning. " Illumination by speech of Osiris," or of
Kheper, Atum, or Ra. This appears to show that the bust
was an oracle of the god, and being called the "illumination"
or " clearing," it may be connected with the Semitic oracular
Urirn. It appears on a stele, adored by a woman making
offerings (MARIETTE, Abydos, ii, 60) ; as a bust between two
jackals on a stele (ROSELLINI, Mon. Civ., cxxxiv, 2); and as a
glazed pottery bust at Tell Amarna (Amarna, xvii, 277 8).
The form of it, a head and chest only, would accord with
the idea of the power of speaking.
Period. XVIII to XIX dynasties.
Figures. 159a, wood, XVII; 159b, limestone, XVIII
(reduced about a tenth); 159c, d, blue glaze with black
paint, XVIIIth dynasty ; 159e, violet glaze, Tell Amarna,
XVIII ; 159f, green glaze, faded, XVIII ; 159f 2, blue glaze ;
159g, bronze, with arms on the breast; 159h, bronze, flat
behind head, as if fitted against a surface, with bust full
thickness below; 159j, ivory with electrum loop, pre-
historic ; may be an early form of the oracular bust.
Materials. Blue glaze 3, Green glaze 2, Bronze 2, Violet
glaze 1, Limestone 1, Ivory 1, Woodl.
Collections. Univ. Coll. P. 9, E. 1, Turin 1 (1231).
36
AMULETS OF HUMAN-HEADED GODS
160. HORUS AND MIN.
Name. Min is named " Horus, son of Isis of Koptos "
(L/ANz., Diz. Mit., xvii).
Period. XXVI (?).
Figure. 160, bronze.
Collection. Univ. Coll. P.
161. MIN.
Period. XXVI to Roman (?).
Figures. 161a, bronze, Memphis ; 161b, c, c 2, d, bronze ;
161e, f, f 2, g, green glaze ; 161h, green glaze, Dendereh,
group 21 ; 161J, green glaze, with yellow points, group 23,
Roman ; 161k, grey steatite, part of a tablet, Min and heads
of Hathor; on back, winged disc and uraei, " Ra," two vzat
eyes, etc.
Materials. Green glaze 32, Bronze 5, Steatite 1, Wood 1.
Position. Chest (1).
Collections. Cairo 21, Univ. Coll. P. 9, E. 2, St. Peters-
burg 4, Turin 2.
162. AMEN.
Period. XXVI.
Figures. 162a, a 2, bronze ; 1621), light blue glaze ; 162c,
blue plaque; 162d, light green head.
Materials. Green glaze 5, Blue glaze 2, Bronze 4, Gold
1, Silver 1, Granite 1.
Collections. Turin 5, Cairo 4, Univ. Coll. P. 4, E. 1.
168. AMEN, MUT AND KHONSU.
Period. XVIII.
Figure. 163, dark blue glaze.
Materials. Green glaze 1, Blue glaze 1.
Collections. Turin 1, Univ. Coll. P. 1.
164. MUT.
Period. XXVI(?).
Figures. 164a, blue glaze; 16$b, bronze; 164b 2,
pewter, b 3, 4, 5, blue glaze; 16$c, silver, group 16 : 164d
(pi. xlv), violet glaze, Rifeh, XlXth dynasty; 16$e, apple-
green glaze (xlvii) ; 164f, head on cylinder, blue glaze
(xlvii).
Materials. Green glaze 4, Silver 2, Bronze 2, Blue
glaze 5, Pewter 1.
Collections. Univ. Coll. P. 4, E. 5, Turin 3, Cairo 2.
165. KHONSU.
Period. XXVI.
Figures. 168a, bronze; 165b, green glaze (pi. xxxi).
Collection. Univ. Coll. P. 2.
166. ANHUR.
Period. XXVI (?).
Figure. 166, bronze.
Materials. Bronze 1, Green glaze 1.
Collections. Cairo 1, Univ. Coll. P. 1.
167. SHU.
Period. XII, XXX.
Figures. 167a, silver, hollow; 167b, carnelian, both
Xllth dynasty (?); 16c, d, e, f, light blue glaze; 167e 2,
8, 4, 5, 6, green glaze.
Materials. Green glaze 65, Blue glaze 7, Grey glaze 6,
Bronze 2, Silver 1, Carnelian 1, Yellow glaze 1.
Position. Chest (2) ; stomach (1).
Collections. Cairo 83, Turin 22, St. Petersburg 14, Univ.
Coll. P. 6, E. 5, Murch 1.
168. NEIT.
Varieties. A, standing. B, suckling two crocodiles.
Period. XXVI to XXX.
Figures. A, 168a, pewter plate. B, 168b, light blue
glaze, Neit suckling two crocodiles (see LANZ., Diz. Mit.,
clxxv). Seated figure (see MacG. 75); 168c, lazuli (xlvii).
Materials. Lazuli 7, Green glaze 3, Blue glaze 3,
pewter 1.
Position. Chest (5).
Collections. Cairo 3 (2 B), St. Petersburg 3, Univ. Coll.
P. 2, E. 1, Turin 1, Murch 1.
109. UNKNOWN DIVINITIES.
Period. Ptolemaic to Roman.
Figures. 169a, bronze, female in Greek chiton with hands
advanced, on the back of the head the face of a bear ;
possibly Artemis Brauronia ; 169b, blue glaze with yellow
points, Roman, squatting female ; 169c, blue glass, female
holding breasts, Syrian influence (?) ; 169d (pi. xxxi), male
figure green glaza with yellow points, Roman ; 169e, squat-
ting female, dark blue glaze (pi. xlvi); 169f, squatting
female, blue glaze with yellow points (pi. xlvi).
Materials. Blue glaze with yellow points 2, Green glaze
with yellow points 1, Dark blue glaze 1, Blue glass 1,
Bronze 1.
Collection. Univ. Coll. P. 6.
170. IIATHOR.
Name. " The habitation of Horus," apparently the
mother of one of the forms of Horus, distinct from the Isis
tradition. Especially venerated as the Mother Goddess.
Varieties. A, standing. B, seated.
Period. 1st to XXXth dynasty.
Figures. Type A, 170a, gold, group 15; 170b, silver,
group 16 ; 170c, c 2 (pi. xliii), bone, group 5, Vlth dynasty ;
170d, gold, Hathor and zad, group 4, Vlth dynasty. Type
B (pi. xxvii), 170e, e2, f, f2, carnelian, e8, porphyry;
170g, g2, carnelian; h, h2, h 3, carnelian, porphyry,
XVIIIth dynasty ; rudely cut open work. Hawara. These
figures all have long hair, and appear to be female ;
they have a crescent and disc on the head, probably Hathor ;
they appear to be engaged in forming the body of the
deceased person for future life, in the attitude of the
37
AMULETS OF HUMAN-HEADED GODS
Khnumu creative figures, as LANZ., Diz. Mit., cccxxxvi, 8.
Perhaps, therefore, they are the seven Hathors who create a
person. 170j, hronze (xlvi).
Materials. Carnelian 4, Blue glass 4, Porphyry 2, Gold
2, Silver 1, Bone 2, Bronze 1, Limestone 1.
Collections. Univ. Coll. P. 15, E. 1, Murch 2.
171. HEAD OF HATHOR.
Name. Her ne pot, " human faced " (LACAU, 84).
Varieties. The head of Hathor appears worn by King
Narmer upon his waist cloth ; also later with a straight
wig, and with curling ends to the wig. As an amulet, it
appears on the neck of the sacred Aht cow (LANZ, Diz.
Mit., 1).
Period. I to XXX. Apparently also prehistoric (Naqada,
Ixiv, 94).
Figures, ilia, b, gold, XVIIIth dynasty; 171c, grey-
green glaze, XXXth dynasty (?); 171d, bine glaze, XVIIIth
dynasty; 171e, apple-green glaze, piece of large disc,
XXVIth dynasty; 171f, blue glaze; f2, blue paste,
XVIIIth dynasty ; 171g (pi. xlv), blue glaze, Illahun,
XXIInd dynasty.
Materials. Green glaze 8, Blue glaze 8, Yellow glaze 2,
Gold 2, Blue paste 1, Black glaze 1, Grey glaze 1, Blue
glass 1 (Naqada), Lazuli plaque 1.
Collection*. Turin 10, Univ. Coll. P. 7, Murch 2, St.
Petersburg 1.
172. MlOT.
Meaning. Impersonation of Truth, not worshipped as a
divinity.
Varieties. A, seated. B, winged.
Figure. 172, Lazuli.
Materials. Lazuli 10, Green glaze 1, Red glass 1.
Position. Throat (1) ; chest (6).
Collections. Cairo 6, St. Petersburg 2, Univ. Coll. P. 1,
Athens 1.
173. HATMEHYT.
Name. Hatmehyt the goddess of Mendes, wearing the
sacred fish of Mendes. (See No. 2S5.)
Period. XXVI.
Figures. 173a, apple green glaze; 173b, dull green
glaze, blundered inscriptions on the back of each.
Collections. Cairo 5 (glazed), Univ. Coll. P. 2.
174. SELKET.
Period. XXVI to XXX.
Material. Lazuli 14, Schist 1.
Position. Throat (1) ; chest (8).
Collections. Cairo 11, St. Petersburg 2, Univ. Coll. E. 2.
175. NEFERTUM.
Varieties. A, standing alone. B, standing on a lion.
Period. XXVI.
Figures. Type A, 175a, violet glaze, no back pillar;
175a2, blue glaze; 175b, green glaze, on back pillar,
" Speech of Nefertum, son of Sekhmet, giving life, lady
of . . ."; 175b 2, bronze, b 3, green glaze (xlvi) ; 175c,
bronze; 175d, light blue glaze; 175e, silver, group 17,
Memphis. Type B, 178f, light green glaze. A, 175g 2,
light green glaze, g3 laiuli, very rude. (See also 131c.)
Materials. Green glaze 1 B, Blue glaze 8, Bronze 5,
Silver 4, Violet glaze 1, Yellow glaze 1, Lazuli 1.
Collections. Cairo 16 and 3 B, Univ. Coll. P. 6 and 1 B,
E. 5, Turin 4, St. Petersburg 3 and IB.
176. PTAH SEKER.
Name and Meaning. Ptah, god of the dynastic race at
Memphis, united with Seker of Saqqareh, the primitive
god of the dead, or of " silence " ; like Mertseker, " lover of
silence," the goddess of the Theban necropolis.
Varieties. A, alone. B, backed by gods on a plaque.
C, double.
Period. XVIII to Ptolemaic.
Figures. 176a, b, black and white porphyry, XVIIIth
dynasty ; 1 76c, blue glaze, XVIII ; 1 76d, green glaze, XVIII ;
176e, green glaze, side view, XIX ; 176f, blue glaze, with
scarab on head, XXII ; 176g, blue glaze, crowned, Illahun,
XXII ; 176h, h2, green glaze, XXVI; 176j, j 2, burnt green
glaze ; 176k, green glaze ; 1761, 1, 2, 8, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9,
burnt green glaze ; 176m, bronze, solid casting with raised
figure; 176n, blue glaze, eating serpents (xlvi); 176o,
(xlvii), green glaze ; 176p (xlvi), green glaze, Bast with
spread wings behind, Illahun, XXIII.
Materials. A, Green glaze 55, Blue glaze 15, Yellow
glaze 2, Porphyry 2, Quartz crystal 1, Syenite 1, Carnelian 1,
Bronze 1, Ivory 1. B, Green glaze 8. C, Blue glaze 2.
Collections. A, Cairo 21, St. Petersburg 12, Univ. Coll.
P. 12, E. 12, Turin 10, Murch 4. B, Turin 5, St. Peters-
burg 2 ; backed by Bast, Illahun, Univ. Coll. E. C, St.
Petersburg; triple, Cairo.
177. PTAH.
Period. XXVI to XXX.
Figures. 177a, bronze; 177b, b2, green glaze; 177c,
bright green glaze, Memphis; 177d, schist, Illahnn
(xlvii).
Materials. Green glaze 15, Blue glaze 5, White glaze 1,
Gold 1, Bronze 2.
Collections. Cairo 14, Turin, 4, St. Petersburg 4, Univ.
Coll. P. 3, E. 2.
178. DWARF.
Meaning. Compare the gobbo in Italy.
Period. Roman.
38
AMULETS OF HUMAN-HEADED GODS
Figures. 178a, lazuli, fine work; 179b, yellow glass.
Collection. Univ. Coll. P. 2.
179. SAINTS.
Meaning. Protection by saints.
Period. Third century A.D. to Coptic.
Figures. 179a, bronze; 179b, bronze; 179c, lead, figure
with nimbus in middle, on each side a figure adoring ; 179d
(pi. xlv), lead, horseman with nimbus, and spear in hand
striking a kneeling figure below, crescent above ; reverse,
traces of six lines of inscription ; 179e, lead, figure holding
long cross, another with arms raised ; reverse Eis theOs ho
boethon, "In God is help"; 179f (pi. xlvi), amber-yellow
glass, Jonah asleep under the gourd, ship in the back-
ground ; this class of yellow glass pendant is dated to about
250 A.D. by heads of Philip and Otacilia. Univ. Coll. P. 6.
CHAPTER VIII
AMULETS OF ANIMAL-HEADED GODS
THEOPHORIC AMULETS, 180 208.
THE primitive animal worships of the Egyptian nomes
may well have had a totemistic basis though that is
questioned. There is no doubt that they largely modified
the ideal of anthropomorphic gods which probably came
in with the Libyan race at the beginning of the prehistoric
civilisation. The two different ideals were reconciled,
like the different races, by fusion. The human figures
acquired the animal heads ; and in no point is the artistic
skill of the Egyptian shown better than in the facile
union of such incongruous subjects as the ibis or snake
with the man. Each stock of the mixed race clung to its
own beliefs, and down to Roman times the animal-headed
gods were as much venerated as any others.
180. HORUS.
It is difficult to separate between the figures of the gods
Horus and Ra, who were so intimately blended. The only
practical course, where no inscription exists, is to class
plain hawk-headed figures as Horus, and those with the
disc of the sun upon the head as Ra.
Varieties. A, striking with a spear, Ilor-merti (see
inscrip. Cairo, 38618). B, hawk-headed, wearing double
crown. C, seated, no head-dress. D, lion-headed, Hur-
akhti (LANZ., Diz. Mit., 625). E, on crocodiles.
Period. XVIII to Roman.
Figures. Type A, 180a, bronze. B, 180b, ebony ;
180c, bronze; 180d, e, green glaze, and f, Hawara
(pi. xlv); 180d, 2, 3, light blue glaze; 180g, pewter
plate, group 18; 180h, green glaze; 180j, blue glaze,
Dendereh, group 21 ; 180k, green glaze, classed as Hor-
behudti in Cairo catalogue ; 1801, blue glass ; 180rn, blue
glaze, mummiform, perhaps Kebhsenuf, son of Horus
(see 182); 180n, lazuli, perhaps Kebhsenuf (pi. xlv),
group 28 ; 180o, o 2, blue glaze, probably Kebhsenuf (182);
and 180o 3, steatite, but no fellow figures are known of the
other genii. Type D, 180p (pi. xxiii), blue glaze, yellow
points, Roman ; Horus of the eastern and of the western
horizons hand in hand. Type E, 180q, green glaze.
Materials. Green glaze 54, Blue glaze 9, Yellow glaze 6,
Grey glaze 4, Red glaze 1, Lazuli 5, Blue glass 2, Bronze 2,
Pewter 1, Ebony 1. Type G, Green felspar or prase 10.
Type D, blue glaze with yellow points 7 (4 at St. Petersburg).
Position. In main row of gods on chest (10); stomach (1).
Collections. Cairo 40, Turin 24, St. Petersburg 18, Univ.
Coll. P. 13, E. 2.
181. 11 A.
Varieties. A, standing, or B, seated ; always hawk-
headed with disc.
Period. XXVI to XXX.
Figures. 181a, bronze; 181a 2, green glaze, small, a 3,
alabaster, small ; 181b, bronze, having a crescent below the
disc it appears to be Ra-Khonsu ; with the crescent the god
is named as Khonsu, never as Ra ; but this is Ra-Khonsu,
as Khonsu strictly is human-headed with the youthful lock
of hair; 181c, c 2, olive-green glaze ; 181c 3 7, blue glaze;
181d (pi. xlv), green glaze faded, Hawara ; 181e (pi. xlv),
shell, Illahun, XXIInd dynasty; 181f, apple-green glaze
plaque, holding the IMS sceptre, and called Hor-mer-tef
(L.4NZ., Dw. Mtf., xvii) ; 181 g, white gliss; 181h, blue glaze,
Ra in his boat adored by the baboons, XVlIIth dynasty.
Materials. Green glaze 28, Blue glaze 12, Yellow glaze 2,
Grey glaze 5, Lazuli 1, Bronze 2, White glass 1.
Position. In the row of gods on the chest (6) ; throat (1).
Collections. Turin 16, Cairo 14, Univ. Coll. P. 7, E. 9,
St. Petersburg 7, Athens 1, Murch 1.
182. FOUR SONS OF RA.
Names. Amset, human head ; Hapy, baboon head ; Duat
mutef, jackal head ; Kebhsenuf, hawk head.
Meanings. Amset or Mestha, probably the " statue " or
image. Hapy, perhaps Hapy the bull god of Memphis, who
presided over the great cemetery of Memphis. Duat mutef,
" the underworld is his mother." Kebhsenuf, " Coolness is
his brother." Each son protected one part of the body ;
Amset the stomach and large intestines, Hapy the small
39
AMULETS OF ANIMAL-HEADED GODS
intestines, Duat mutef the lungs and heart, Kebhsenuf the
liver and gall. The four are often shown standing together
on a lotus flower before Osiris.
Varieties. Execute! in all kinds of material, metals,
wax, pottery, vegetable paste, bead-work, etc.
Period. XXIII to Eoman. (On tops of jars from Xllth
dynasty, but all human -headed.)
Figures. 182a, gold; 182b, pewter, group 18 ; 182c, gilt
wax; 182d, red pottery; 182e, e 2, blue glaze with red
paint, with winged scarab; 182f, green glaze, with applied
blue; 182g, wax; 182h, white and red glass; 182j, red
glass; 182k, blue glaze; 1821, dark blue glaze, with black
heads, also with scarab and girdle tie; 182 12, Duat ruutef,
blue glazed schist; 182m, blue glaze; 182n, black wax;
182o, black clay, with blue paint on heads; 182p, green
glaze ; 182q, blue glaze, with black paint, Dendereh,
Ptolemaic, group 21 ; 182r (pi. xxxiii), blue glaze on one
plaque, Dendereh, group 21 and see 93f, g (pi. xi.)
Materials. Blue glaze 40, Green glaze 11, Wax 9, Clay 8,
Pewter 6, Green glass 6, Red glass 5, Blue glass 4, Pottery
4, Gold 2, White glass 1, Wood 1.
Position. Usually in two pairs facing, on the chest (9) or
stomach (2), below the winged scarab.
Collections. Univ. Coll. P. 49 (others in funerary
section), Turin 27, St. Petersburg 7, Murch 4.
183. SET.
Period. XXVI ('?). Extremely rare as an amulet, as well
as in larger figures.
Figure. 183, bronze, wearing double crown, the upright
ears shown on either side.
Materials. Bronze 1, Blue glaze 1, Red wood 1.
Collections. Cairo 1, Univ. Coll. P. 1, Turin 1.
181. SPHINX, MALE.
Period. VI, XVIII, XXVI.
Figures. IS^a, brown limestone, fine work, XVIIIth
dynasty; 18$b, green glazs, of Graeco- Assyrian style ; also
18a 2, lazuli, of Rainessu II; 18$a 3, blue paste, of
Sety II.
Materials. Green felspar 4, Amethyst 2, Lazuli 2,
Carnelian 1, Limestone 1, Green glaze 1, Blue paste 1.
Collections. Murch 8, Univ. Coll. P. 4, Athens 1.
185. SPHINX, FEMALE.
Varieties. A, bird body. B, cat body.
Period. VI to Ptolemaic.
Figures. A, 185a d, bone, possibly intended for a
human-headed vulture of the goddess Mut, group 18. Type
B, 185e, f, f 2, green felspar, apparently a cat body, group
30; 185g, h, carnelian, group 14 ; 18SJ, green glaze faded,
Memphis, XXIIIth dynasty by the form of hair ; 185k, k 2,
1, green glaze, black hair, XXVI ; 185m, green and black
glaze, Dendereh, Ptolemaic ; 185m 2, yellow glass, small.
Materials. Green felspar 28, Amethyst 4, Carnelian 2,
Bone 4, Green glaze 5, Lazuli 1, Yellow glass 1.
Collections. Murch 25, Univ. Coll. P. 18 ( E. 2, St.
Petersburg 1.
186. HATHOR COW-HEADED.
Period. XVIII to XXVI.
Figures. 186a, dark blue glaze, XVIII; 186b, light
green glaze, XXVI; 186c, d (pi. xlv), green glass, burnt.
Materials. Green glaze 2, Blue glaze 2, Green glass 2.
Position. Throat (1) ; chest (1).
Collections. Cairo 2, Univ. Coll. P. 4. (See also 210.)
187. KHNUMU.
Meaning. The Creator, popular in late times as
Khnouphis.
Varieties. A, statuette. B, outline on plaque (Hawara
4, pi. 1).
Period. XXVI.
Figures. Type A, 187a, bronze; 187b, dark green glaze ;
187c, coarse green glaze ; 187d, red glaze (? burnt green);
187e, f, f 2, Hawara, group 32, f 3, g, all green glaze.
Materials. Green glaze 46, Blue glaze 8, Yellow glaze 3,
Grey glaze 3, Red-grey glaze 7, Red glaze 1, Carnelian 1,
Bronze 1, Blue paste 1.
Position. In row of gods on chest (4) ; stomach (1).
Collections. Cairo 30, Turin 20, St. Petersburg 11, Univ.
Coll. P. 8, E. 1, Murch 1.
188. BBS OR BESA.
Name. Besa, the native name of Cynaelurus guttatus.
Meaning. The god of children, of dance and games.
Varieties. Dealt with under 189, 190.
Period. XVIII to Roman.
Figures. PI. xxxiv, 188a, b, gold, XVIII ; 188c, red paste,
Tell Amarna, XVIII. PI. xxxiii, 188d, schist, dark green
glaze, XVI II; 188e, dark blue glaze, XVIII; 188e 2, blue
glaze; 188f, steatite, XIX (?); 188g, silver, XIX (?), head-dress
very high ; 188h, white schist ; 188h2, blue glaze, larger;
188j,j2, green glaze; 188k, dark blue glaze with yellow
points, Roman ; 1881, light blue, similar ; 188m, green, n,
o, p, blue, with yellow points, Roman ; 188q, bronze ; 188r,
bright blue, XX(?); 188s, dark green, thin, XVIII; 188t, light
blue glaze, Memphis ; 188u, light green glaze; 1 88 v, grey
glaze; 188w, w 2, green gone brown, blue and yellow
applied, Roman; 188x, dark violet glass, seated; 188y,
light green, seated; 188z, green gone grey, with yellow
points, Roman, Bes under archway with two columns ;
188aa, ab, blue glass impressed ; 188ac, violet glaze, XVIII.
Materials. Green glaze 52, Blue glaze 46, Blue or green
with yellow points 7, Red glaze 2, Grey glaze 4, Blue glass
3, Green glass 1, Gold 4, Silver 1, Bronze 4, Carnelian 2,
oteatite 2, Schist 1, Violet glaze 1.
40
AMULETS OF ANIMAL-HEADED GODS
Collections. Cairo 59, Univ. Coll. P. 27, E. 9, Turin 18
Alnwick 18, Murch 8.
189. BBS. UNUSUAL FORMS.
Varieties. A, profile holding sa, for protection. B,
dancing in profile with tambourine. C, front face between
two in profile dancing. D, with lyre. E, armed. F, with
cylinder on head. G, winged, holding uzats. H, with two
uraei. J, masculine and feminine. K, feminine, Beset. L,
quadruple. M, as sphinx. N, between two Taurts.
Period. XVIII to Eoman.
figures. Type A, 189a, blue glaze, holding sa before
him, the other hand holding the tail of the skin, XVIII.
Type B, 189b, blue glaze. Type C, 189c, violet glaze,
XVIII. Type D (see Cairo). Type E, 189d, faded blue
glaze, yellow points, Eoman ; 189e, blue glaze, Eoman (type
common in household pottery amulets). Type F (see
Turin). Type G, 189f, violet glaze, XVIII. Type H, 189g,
blue glaze, Eoman. Type J, 189h, blue glaze, yellow
points, Eoman. Type K (only in household pottery
amulets). Type L, 189j, light blue glaze, a double figure
with four heads. Type M, 189k, glaze faded white, figure
on top, and central figure missing, XXVI.
Materials. Green glaze 14, Blue glaze 15, Blue with
yellow points 2, Yellow glaze 8.
Position. Necklaces, especially of children.
Collections. A, Univ. Coll. P. 1. B, Univ. Coll. P. 1, St.
Petersburg 1. C, Univ. Coll. P. 1. D, Cairo 3. E, Univ.
Coll. P. 2, Cairo 1. F, Turin 1. G, Univ. Coll. P. 1. H,
Univ. Coll. P. 1. J, Turin 1, Cairo 1, Univ. Coll. P. 1. K,
Turin 4. L, Cairo 1, Univ. Coll. P. 1, Turin 1. M, Univ.
Coll. P. 1. N, Turin 6, St. Petersburg 1.
190. BBS HEAD.
Varieties. A, alone. B, on plaque. C, on uzat. D, on
disc.
Period. XXIII (?) to Eoman.
Figures. Type A, 190a, light green, probably part of a
figure ; 190b, light green glaze ; 190b 2, violet glaze, large ;
190c, d, d2, blue glaze, XXIII; 190e, yellow and brown
glaze; 190f, green glaze, part of a figure; 190g, blue glaze,
faded; 190h, violet glass, Eoman; 190j, clear white glass,
Eoman ; 190k, green glaze ; 190k, 2, 3, green glaze, small,
Naukratis; 1901, blue glaze, Memphis ; 190m, blue glaze,
Eoman. Type B, 190n, plaque of schist, both sides shown.
Type C, 190o, blue glaze, lotus on back ; 190p, green
glaze. Type D, 190q, glaze burnt black, reverse shown
below ; 190q 2, blue glaze; 190q 3, green glaze, pierced ;
190r, light green glaze, reverse uzat eye ; 190s, pottery
mould, Memphis. A, 190t (pi. xlvi) green glaze; 190u,
blue paste with four- winged Bes straddling on the base.
Materials. Green glaze 11, Blue glaze 9, Yellow glaze 3,
Limestone 1, Violet glass 1, Clear glass 1, Blue paste 1,
Violet glaze 1.
Collections. Univ. Coll. P. 20, E. 6, Turin 4, Murch 2,
bt. Petersburg 1.
191. TAHUTI OF PANEBES.
Name. " Tahuti of Panebes in Nubia" (LANZ., Diz Mit
cccciv), probably known as the deity of the malachite 1
mines there (B. D. G. 885).
Period. XXVII (?).
Figure. 191, light blue glaze, good sharp work.
Collection. Univ. Coll. P. 1.
192. MAKES.
Name. Mda-Jtes, " the striking lion."
Period. XXVI to Ptolemaic.
Figures. 192a, bronze, with atef crown on head; 192b,
b 2, 8, 4, c, light green glaze ; 192d, violet glass ; 192e (pi.
xxxix), light blue glaze, Mahes (?) holding two lions (?).
Materials. Green glaze 23, Blue glaze 8, Bronze 8, Blue
glass 2.
Collections. Cairo 15, St. Petersburg 6, Univ. Coll. P. 5,
E. 3, Turin 2, Athens 2.
193. ANHUR AND TEFNUT.
These deities are associated on a group in the Louvre,
(LANZ., Diz. Mit., 77).
Period. XVIII.
Figures. 193a, b, blue glaze.
Collection. Univ. Coll. P. 2.
194. SEKHMET OR BASTET.
Many figures cannot be separated between these two lion-
or cat-headed goddesses, so they are here classed together.
Period. XVIII to XXX.
Figures. 194a, blue glaze, faded, the dress suggests a
male god, but the head is exactly like those of the goddesses
(see Cairo 38,587) ; 194b, bronze, holding sistrum, basket,
and aegis, certainly Bastet ; 194c, blue paste, on back
"Speech of Bast . . ."; 194d, green glaze; 194e, silver,
group 16 (see pi. xxxvi) ; 1 94f , g, blue glaze, XIX (?), Sekhmet,
by disc on head ; 194h, blue glaze, Illahun, XXII ; 194h 2,
green glaze ; 194j, k, 1, light green glaze ; 19411 (pi. xlvi) ;
11 2, 8, 4, 5, 6, 7, blue glaze; 194m, light blue glaze ; 194n,
schist, figure of Sekhmefc, probably part of a menat ; reverse,
Nehebka and other figures, see below ; 194o, alabaster,
tapering body and legs, Saft ; 194p, dark blue glaze, female
kneeling, offering to Bastet, name twice on back, see below ;
194q, blue glaze, Eamesseura. On pi. xlv, 194r, blue faded,
Sekhmet, Memphis; 194s, bronze, with double crown;
194t, wood, XXII, Illahun. On xlvi, 194u, green glazed,
seated ; 194v, head on a pillar, blue glaze (xlvii).
Materials. Green glaze 48, Blue glaze 86, Grey glaze 8,
Silver 1, Bronze 2, Electrum 1, Schist 1, Blue paste 1,
Gypsum 1, Alabaster 2, Wood 1.
41
AMULETS OF ANIMAL-HEADED GODS
Collections. Cairo 86, Univ. Coll. P. 16, E. 8, Turin 20,
St. Petersburg 17, Murch 1.
195. AEGIS OF BASTET (AND MUT ?).
This is in form of a deep collar of beadwork, usually
surmounted by a lion's head ; it has a menat attached to it
at right angles behind (see the socket of 198a), and it is
carried by the menat in the left hand of Bastet. The name
and meaning of it are unknown.
Period. XXII to XXVI.
Figures. 195a, bronze, front and back of both aegis and
menat ; 195b, b 2, blue glaze, faded white ; 195c, blue
glaze, side view of head, with Nehebka, uraeus and uzat ;
reverse, collar; 195d, green glaze with yellow lines,
Koman ; 195e (pi. xlv), silver gilt; 195f, silver; 19Sg, g2,
blue glaze, head of Mut (?), Illahun, XXII ; 195h, bronze,
female head; 198j, blue glaze, head of Mut (?) ; 193k, 1,
bronze, female head with disc and horns, Isis (?); 198m, n,
bronze, lion head.
Materials, as above, Univ. Coll. P. 13, E. 2, St. Petersburg
1, green glaze.
196. SHU AND TEFNUT.
The heads of these twin deities are often figured at the
top of a menat of bronze.
Period, XXVI.
Figures. 196a, bronze, inscribed " To Shu and Tefnut.
Thapa, son of Duaha, born of Kare-za " ; the name Thapa,
after the hippopotamus goddess Apit, belongs to the XlXth
dynasty (LiEB., Diet., 760) ; Duaha, called after the moon
god, suggests the XXVIth dynasty ; and Kareza, " son of
the Karian," points also to the Early Greek age (L., Diet.,
2396); 196b, bronze; 196b2, bronze. At St. Petersburg,
1 of bronze with lion head.
197. ANPU.
Meaning. Anpu, Anubis, was the protector of the dead,
the god of the cemetery frequented by the jackals.
Period. XXVI to Roman.
Figures. 197a, b, c, d, bronze; 197a 2, 3, 4, green
glaze, smaller : 197e, f, violet glass ; 197f 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8,
green glaze; 197g, blue glaze; 197h, steatite; 197j, blue
glaze, Dendereh, Ptolemaic, group 21 ; 197k, blue glaze
with yellow points, Roman ; 1971, bronze, kneeling, pouring
water (see Cairo, 38,569 ; see 3Sm) ; 197m (pi. xlv), bone,
Illahun, seated ; 197n (pi. xlv), ebony, seated.
Materials. Green glaze 60, Blue glaze 19, Grey glaze 5,
Black and yellow glaze 2, Red glaze 1, Blue glass 3, Grey
glass 2, Yellow glass 2, Bronze 8, Wood 7, Bone 1,
Porphyry 1, Quartz crystal 1, Carnelian 1, Agate 1.
Position. Chest (2).
Collections. Cairo 44, Turin 17, St. Petersburg 14, Univ.
Coll. P. 18, E. 10, Murch 7, Athens 8.
198. UPUATU.
Names. " The opener of the ways."
Meaning. Guidance to the soul, as the jackal's tracks
show the best way in the desert.
Period. Ptolemaic (?).
Figure. 198, black steatite, kneeling figure with a
hawk's body behind, and with two jackal heads, the god
being double, of the north and of the south.
Collection. Univ. Coll. P. 1.
199. JACKAL-HEADED ARCHER.
This god is not identified.
Period. XXII (?).
Figure. 199, wood. (See Cairo Catalogue, 88,857.)
Collections. Cairo 1, Univ. Coll. P. 1.
200. SHREWMOUSE-HEADED FIGURE.
This appears to be a male figure ; as the shrew mouse
was sacred to Horus, it may be a form of that god.
Figures. 200, bronze. (See Cairo Catalogue, 88,859.)
Collections. Cairo 1, Univ. Coll. P. 1.
201. SEBEK.
Period. XVIII.
Figure. 201, light blue opaque glass (see LANZ., Diz.
Mit., cocliv).
Material. Above ; and gold, Cairo.
Position. Chest (1).
Collections. Univ. Coll. P. 1, Cairo 1.
202. TEHUTI.
Principally honoured as the god of writing and know-
ledge.
Period, XXVI to XXX.
Figures. 202a, green glaze, Tehuti holding an uzat eye
in each hand ; on back " Speech of Tehuti, lord of Shmun
great god, lady (sic) of heaven . . ." ; 202b, green glaze
faded, Hawara ; 202b, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, green glaze ; 202c, blue
glaze, with violet beak ; 202c 2, 3, lazuli ; 202d, green
glaze; 202e, e 2, pewter plate, group 18; 202f, bronze;
202g, green-blue glaze ; 202h, steatite charm tablet, with
figure of Tehuti ; rosette and line of Demotic on reverse ;
202j, j 2, 8, blue glaze; 202k, bronze; 2021, green glaze
(pi. xlvi).
Materials. Green glaze 88, Blue glaze 28, Grey glaze 6,
White glaze 1, Red glaze 1, Lazuli 7, Blue glass 2, Bronze
3, Pewter 1.
Position. In the main row of gods on the chest (9) ;
stomach (1).
Collections. Cairo 51, Turin 86, St. Petersburg 15,
Univ. Coll. P. 18, E. 8, Athens 2,
AMULETS OF ANIMAL-HEADED GODS
203. SERPENT-HEADED GOD.
Name. Khet-ba-mutef is represented crowned with a
disc, perhaps the same as 203b, which has disc and
crescent (LiNZ., Diz. Mit., 998).
Figures. 203a, blue-green glaze, two serpent heads, on
back a blundered inscription, beginning Ra nofer ar . . .;
203b, bronze, Khet-ba-mutef (?) ; 208c, bronze ; 203d, lead,
possibly a serpent head.
CHAPTER IX
AMULETS OF ANIMAL GODS
THEOPHOBIC AMULETS, 204 261.
MISCELLANEOUS, 262 276.
THE worship of sacred animals survived in Egypt for
thousands of years alongside of higher beliefs. Beginning
probably before the earliest civilisation of which we have
remains, it is found to be prominent in all the great centres,
and most of the nomes. The bulls of Memphis and Helio-
polis, the ram of Thebes, the hawk of Edfu, are the remains
of older faiths, long before Ptah and Amen and Horus had
eclipsed them in those cities. The popularity of the animal
worship did not wane till Roman times ; the abundance
of amulets of sacred animals shows how much was thought
of them. Though some animal figures here are not known
to be connected with a god, that is to be expected, as it
was not always that a junction with later theology could
be performed. The old independent animal worships would
not have any priesthoods or inscriptions by which we can
recognise them ; and it is only the making and wearing of
these figures which shows what animals were venerated.
204. APE STANDING (Cercopithecus).
Period. XXVI to Ptolemaic (?).
Figures. 20Sa, a 2, faded green glaze ; 20Sb, b 2, violet
glass; 204c, faded green glaze, Memphis; 204d, green
glaze, burnt brown, ape standing over kneeling woman;
204e (xlvii), green glaze.
Materials. Green glaze 20, Blue glaze 11, Lazuli 1,
Blue glass 2, Basalt 1, Bronze 1.
Collections. Cairo 17, St. Petersburg 5, Turin 4, Univ.
Coll. P. 4, E. 8, Murch 85 (amethyst 27, carnelian 4,
lazuli 8, green felspar, attitude not stated).
205. APE SEATED.
Period. VI to XXX.
Fignret. 203a, bone, Vlth dynasty, group 4 ; 205b, green
glaze, burnt red ; 205c, blue glaze faded white, Memphis ;
205d, green glaze, faded.
Materials. Green glaze 4, Yellow frit 2, Blue glaze 1,
Bone 1.
Collections. Univ. Coll. P. 4, Cairo 8, St. Petersburg 1,
Murch.
206. BABOON (Papio).
Period. VI to Ptolemaic.
Figures. 206a, bone, group 6; 206b, bone, group 8;
206c, green-blue glaze, group 9 ; 206d, blue glaze, group
12 ; 206e, green glaze, XIX (?) ; 206f , two baboons, crowned
with disc and crescent, electrum, XVIII ; 206g, blue glaze,
XVIII; 206h, white schist, on back " Tehuti lord of
Shmun"; 206j, bronze; 206k, green glaze, holding mat;
2061, blue glaze, Dendereh, Ptolemaic, group 21; 206m,
(pi. xlv), green glaze, Illahun, XXIInd dynasty. (See also
Materials. Green glaze 15, Blue glaze 9, Yellow glaze
3, Red jasper 1, Carnelian 1, Agate 1, Red glaze 1, Blue
glass 2, Lazuli 1, Bronze 2, Bone 2, Onyx 1, Schist 1,
Electrum 1.
Collections. Turin 19, Univ. Coll. P. 12, St. Petersburg
9, Cairo 5, Murch 4, Athens 1.
207. APIS.
Name. Hap. There is no connection yet known between
this and Hap, the Nile, or Hapy, one of the four sons of
Horus.
Meaning. The sacred bull Hap was the primitive wor-
ship of Memphis, like the sacred bulls with other names in
other cities.
Varieties. A, bronze figures. B, square tablets or
pectorals.
Period. XXVI to Roman.
Figures. Type A, 207a, bronze, on a sled, disc and
uraeus between the horns ; 207b, c, bronze, with disc and
uraeus; 207b 2, blue glaze. Type B, 207d, green glaze;
207e, silver embossed plate, bull regardant, with garland
hung over it ; 207f, cast lead plate, bull fed by a kneeling
priest, garland above; 207g, blue glaze, with black and
yellow applied, bull regardant ; 207h (pi. xlv), blue glasi
impressed.
Materials. Bronze, 14, Yellow glaze 9, Blue glaze 10,
Green glaze 8, Yellow glass 2, Blue glass 8, Silver 1, Lead 1,
Schist 2.
48
a 2
AMULETS OF ANIMAL GODS
Collections. Cairo 12, St. Petersburg 10, Univ. Coll. P. 9,
E. 1, Turin 9, Athens 8, Alnwick 2, Murch 1 B.
208. HATHOH COW.
Name. Erpet alit (MacG. 58) ; the Aht cow belonged to
Hathor, by the amulet or badge worn on the neck (IiANZ.,
Dit. Mit., I).
Varieties. A, couchant. B, standing.
Period. XVIII to Roman.
Figure*. 208a, fine blue glaze, mid XVIII ; 208b, light
green glazo.XXVI; 208c, blue glaze, moulded, flat back, XIX ;
208d, bronze, cut out of a Bheet ; 208e, moulded wax, gilt,
group '20; 208f, npple green glaze, Dendereh, Ptolemaic,
group 21 ; 208g, blue glaze, couchant (xlvi).
Material*. Blue glaze 3, Green glaze 3, Carnelian 2,
" Black and white stone," Cairo 2, Bronze 3, Red glass 2,
Red and yellow glass 1, Yellow glass 1, Red glaze 1, Jasper 1,
Wax 1.
Ponitin. CbcHt (1) ; stomach <2>.
Collection*. Univ. Coll. P. G, Cuiro 5, Athens 4, St. Peters-
burg 2, Turin 2, Alnwick 1.
200. HATIIOK COW ON SQUARE.
Varieties. A regular naon, on a plain square plaque.
Period. XXVI to Ptolemaic (?).
Figure*. 209a, light blue gla/e, with dark green-blue
inlay ; 2091), blue-green glaze, impressed cow, with relief of
twat above; 209c, green glaze, fuded brown, disc between
the horns; 209d, light blue glaze, disc between the horns;
209o, cant lead plate, disc between the horns, feeding stand
in front, stnr and crescent above. The last is distinctly a
cow, the previous four might be intended for a bull, but the
similarity of c, <1, and r points to the same meaning.
Materials. Bronze 11, Blue glaze 6, Given glaze G,
Steatite 3, Green frit 2, Lead 1.
Collections. Cairo 23, Univ. Coll. P. 5, St. Petersburg 1,
Athens 1.
210. IIATIIOU COW HEAD.
Period. XVIII (?).
Figure*. 21 Oa, white opaque quartz, covered with
green glaze, inscribed on back " Hathor lady of N .,"
broken from a figure ; note the two plumes above the disc ;
210b, bronze, human face on back, short stem below ; 210c,
bronze, cow head (back up); 210d, apple green glaze;
210e, violet glaze, human wig at sides.
Materials. Bronze 2, Quartz glazed 1, Apple green
glaze 1, Violet glaze 1.
Collection. Univ. Coll. P. 5.
211. RAM.
Name. Sera.
Meaning. Creator, as Khnumu, Amon and Ha
Varieties. A, couchant. B, standing. C, four-headed
emblem of Ra, aMendes, the souls of Ra, Osiris, Shu an d
Khepera.
Period. Prehjtoric to Ptolemaic.
Figures. l t noble serpentine ; 211b, dark green
steatite, both proiatoric ; 211c, lazuli, with the character
istic long fleece ;illd, d 2, light green glaze ; 211 e , silver-
21 If, green glazdrarnt brown. Memphis ; 21 lg, dark blue
glaze ; 21 Ih, ligl green glaze ; 21 Ij, deep blue glaze with
yellow points, grap 22, Roman ; 211k, apple-green glaze
Dendereh, Ptoleiaic, group 21 ; 2111, schist, ram couchant
under tree, uraas in front ; reverse, title and name of
Shabaka, XXVthlynaaty ; 211m (pi. xl), bronze, with two
heads. C, 211 n >1. xlvi), lazuli.
Material*. Bie glaze 26, Green glaze 15, Lazuli 5
(4 of C), Steatite '. Silver 1, Bronze 2, Schist 2, Carnelian 1,
Serpentine 1, Retglaze 1.
ColUctioni. Ciro 16 (2 of C), Turin 10, Univ. Coll.
P. 10, E. 1, St. Ptersburg 6, Alnwick 5, Athens 2, Murch 4.
J12. RAM'S HEAD.
Varieties. A, fit prehistoric, with round neck. B, late
relief, without nee. C, on column.
Period. Prehis>ric to Ptolemaic.
Figures. Type A, 212a, black steatite; 212b, noble
serpentine ; 212c, irnelian ; 212d, noble serpentine, pale
oil-green; 2 12d 2 green serpentine, Tarkhan; 212e, e2,
ivory, stained grt'i ; 212f, durite ; 212g, g 2, alabaster;
212h, brown serpntiue, veined; 212j, Carnelian; 212k,
dark green serpttine; 2121, alabaster; 212m, black
serpentine, ostricl eggshell eye. Type B, 212n, silver;
212d, bronze ; 212, green glaze faded brown; 212q, blue
glaze, Dendereh, Pilemaic ; 212r, hollow bronze case, with
blue glass eyes, rig for hanging beneath mouth; 212s,
schist scarab with im's head, name of Shabakaon reverse,
XXVth dynasty, 'rpe C, 212t (two views), green glaze,
serpent on one sidt winged serpent on other, on front disc
with uraei, *i ra Ann mery, and blundered signs.
Materials. Preh toric, Alabaster 8, Carnelian 8, Noble
serpentine 2, Ivory ^ Green serpentine 1, Black serpentine 1,
Black steatite 1, Bnvn serpentine 1, Durite 1. Historic,
Grey glaze 3, Greeiqlaze 2, Green felspar 1, Blue glaze 1,
Blue paste 1, Gold j Silver 1, Bronze 2, Schist 1, Brown
limestone 1.
Collections. UnhColl. P. 21, Turin 4, Murch 4, Athens 1.
218. HARE.
Name and Meanig. Sekhat. Used probably as the
hieroglyph for un, >eing, and hence probably used for
Un-nefer, the good bing, or Osiris.
Period. XXVItoLXX.
Figures. 213a, lint green glaze; 213b, glaze faded
white ; 213b 2, green ;laze ; 21 3c, light blue glaze.
Materials. Green laze 22, Blue glaze 17, Yellow glaze 1,
Carnelian 1.
44
AMTLETS OF ANIMAL GODS
Collections. Cairo 22, St. Petersbu? 8, Turin 5, Univ.
Coll. P. 8, E. 1, Athens 1, Murch 1.
214. IBEX (Capra nviana).
Meaning. " Ba the divine, above tb gods " (LANZ, Die.
Mit., 190).
Figure. 214, green glaze, onkh on tse.
Collections. Univ. Coll. P. 1, E. 1, lurch 1.
215. BARBARY SHEEP Qvis lervia).
Figure. 215, serpentine, green prtly gone brown,
no horns, but a heavy long head.
Collection. Univ. Coll. P. 1.
216. KLIPSPRINGER (Ceotragus) (?).
Period. XVIIIth dynasty.
Figure. 216, green glaze on schis two scrolls on base.
The small head, long neck, and making of coarse hair
seem to define this identification. Shct curved horns have
lain over to the shoulder, but are brotn away.
Collection. Univ. Coll. P. 1.
217. CAMEL.
Meaning. Hairs from tail used for[uartan fever (PLINY,
xxviii, 25).
Period. Eoman (?).
Figure. 217, bronze, flat plate.
Collection. Univ. Coll. P. 1.
218. HAWK-HEADED .PHINX.
Period.
Figure.
tail.
Collection.
Prehistoric.
218, hard white limeston with gold bands, no
Univ. Coll. P. 1. (SeetfS, as Mentu.)
219. LION.
Milky agate 1 , Porphyry 1 , Lazuli 1 , Hard white limestone 1 ,
Bone 8.
Position. Chest (6); Stomach (1).
Collections. Cairo 16, Univ. Coll. P. 14, E. 2, Turin 9,
St. Petersburg 7, Murch 2.
220. TWO LIONS.
Name. Khens (MacG. 56) ; two fore-parts joined.
Meaning. The Mahes (see 192) of north and south
(LANZ., Diz. Mit., 269). See vignette of Chapter 17, Book of
the Dead.
Varieties. A, two fore-parts joined. B, two lions
rampant.
Period. A, Vlth to XXVIIth dynasty. B, Prehistoric,
Coptic.
Figures. Type A, 220a, a 2, sard, Vlth dynasty, group 7 ;
220b, bone, Vlth dynasty (?) ; 220c, light green glaze,
XXVII ; 220c 2, blue glaze ; 220d, ivory, Old Kingdom (?)
(see Deshaslieh, xxvi, 26). Type B, 220e, iron disc incised,
Coptic, Illahun, indistinct signs between and above (see
two rampant lions on ivory ring, prehistoric, in Naqada,
Ixiv, 78).
Materials. Green glaze 8, Blue glaze 2, Brown glaze 1,
Grey glaze 1, Sard 1, Cloudy agate 1, Ivory 2, Iron B, 1.
Position. Chest (1).
Collections. Univ. Coll. P. 6, E. 1, Turin 8, St. Peters-
burg 2, Cairo 2, Price 1.
221. LION'S HEAD.
Period. XXXth dynasty.
Figure. 221 a, light green glaze, flat back (similar Aln-
wick, 604) ; 221b, c (pi. xlv), green glaze, Illahun, XXIInd
dynasty ; 221d, coarse blue glaze Eoman (see 269).
Collections. Univ. Coll. P. 4, Alnwick 1.
Name. Seno (couchant).
Meaning. To guard or defend.
Varieties. A, couchant. B, walkig. C, seated. D, with
crouching man.
Period. Prehistoric to Ptolemaic.
Figures. Type A, 219a, hard wite limestone; 219b,
black and white porphyry, both prehitoric ; 219c, amethyst,
XII ; 219d, d 2, d 8, bone, VI, group fc 219e, gold, VI ; 219f,
light blue glaze; 219g, light blueglaze, faded; 219h2,
light green glaze, XXVIIth dynasty 219J, blue and black
glaze, Dendereh, Ptolemaic ; 219k, k i blue glaze, VI, group,
11, XII, Kafr Ammar ; 2191 (pi. xlvi carnelian, early (see
Nagada, Iviii; Deshasheh, xxvi, 15; 219m (xlvi), green
glaze, with flower of Nefertum on had; 219n, with squat-
ting man before, head turned back blue glaze with yellow
points, Roman (xlvi).
Materials. Green glaze, 16 (2 o B, 2 of C), Blue glaze
16, Grey glaze 1, Gold 1, Bronze 1, Aiethyst 1, Carnelian 1,
222. LION AND BULL, FORE-PARTS.
Period. XXVII.
Figure. See Cairo catalogue.
Materials. Green glaze 8.
Collections. Alnwick 5, St. Petersburg (695), 2, Cairo 1.
223. TWO BULLS, FORE-PARTS.
Period. This is a very ancient combination, appearing
on one of the predynastic slate palettes (CAPART, Primitive
Art fig. 170). The amulets are of the XXVIth dynasty.
Fwures. 223a, pale green glaze, Hawara ; 223b, green
glaze gone brown, Hawara, group 32; 223c, olive green
glaze.
Position. Chest (1).
Collections. Univ. Coll. P. 3, St. Petersburg 1, Price 1.
46
AMULETS OF ANIMAL GODS
224. CAT.
Name. Mau.
Meaning. Emblem of the goddess Bastet.
Varietiet. A, seated. B, couchant. C, walking.
Period. XVIII to Boman. Very common on necklaces
of XXIInd and XXIIIrd dynasty.
Figures. Type A, 224a, silver, group 16 ; 224b, c, light
green glaze ; 224d, green glaze burnt brown ; 224d 2, blue
and black glaze ; 224d 3, olive glaze ; 224e, light blue glaze ;
224e 2, bronze; 224f, blue and black glaze, Dendereh,
Ptolemaic, group 21 ; 224g, blue glaze, with yellow points,
Koman. Type B, 224h, lion or cat ; 224j, cat, green glaze,
Xlth dynasty, Kafr Ammar ; 224k, blue glazed schist, Ymenf
on base, XVIII ; 224k 2, blue-glazed pottery ; 2241, dark
blue paste, Amen-ra in cartouche on base, dubious. Type C,
224m, blue glaze, Dendereh, Ptolemaic, group 21.
Materials. Green glaze 22, Blue glaze 13, Bronze 9,
Grey glaze 3, Carnelian 1, Yellow glaze 1, Black glaze 1,
Purple glaze 1, Black limestone 1, Silver 1, Blue paste 1.
Position. Feet (1).
Collections. Turin 13, Univ. Coll. P. 12, E. 4, Cairo 11,
St. Petersburg 10, Edinburgh 3, Murch 3.
225. CAT IN SHRINE.
Period. XXVI.
Figure. 225, green glaze, papyrus stem and head on
each of the three sides, Memphis. Also a rough solid
imitation, green glaze (Edw.)
Collection. Univ. Coll. P. 1, E. 1.
226. TWO CATS ON COLUMN.
Varieties. Three in Cairo have only one cat on the
column.
Period. XXIII.
Figures. 226a, b, green glaze, octagonal column, blun-
dered inscription on front, " Speech of Bastet lady of Pa
Bastet " ; 226c (pi. xliii), column with feet of cat, inscribed
" Speech of Bastet . . ."
Materials. Green glaze 6.
Collections. Cairo 4, Univ. Coll. P. 2.
227. CAT AND KITTENS.
Varieties. A, seated. B, couchant.
Period, XXII to XXVI.
Figures. 227a, bronze, two kittens ; 227b, light green
glaze, five kittens, three in front, one each side ; 227c,
green glaze, one kitten.
Materials. Green glaze 7, Green-glazed stone 2, Purple
glaze 1, Carnelian 1, Bronze 1.
Collections. Cairo A, 3 (3, 6 and 9 kittens), B, 6, Univ.
Coll. P. 3.
228. SET ANIMAL.
Period. XIX (?).
Figures. 228a, light blue glaze, impressed plaque ; 228b,
dark blue glaze, perhaps Mentu as a hawk-headed lion
(see also 183 for set, and engraved stone 138 g).
Collection. Univ. Coll. P. 2.
229. JACKAL STANDING.
Name. Upuatu.
Meaning. " Opener of ways " for the soul (see 198).
Figures. 229a, light blue glaze ; 229b, c, bronze ; 229d,
bronze, and d 2, green glaze, with the two serpents in front
(compare the two serpents that led the way for Alexander
to the Oasis) ; 229e, bronze, the four Upuats (of the four
quarters) who open the way for the sun in the under-
world (LANZ., Diz. Mit., cclvi).
Materials. Bronze 5, Green glaze 1, Blue glaze 1.
Collections. Univ. Coll. P. 5, St. Petersburg 2, Cairo 1.
230. TWO JACKAL HEADS.
Name. Upuatu of the south and north.
Figure. 230, hard brown limestone, pierced under the
tip of the ears, flat base.
Collection. Univ. Coll. P. 1.
281. JACKAL COUCHANT.
Name. Anpu, Anubis.
Meaning, The guardian of the cemetery, and of the
dead in the judgment.
Varieties. A, on ground. B, on shrine.
Period. XXVI to Roman.
Figures. Type A, 231a, blue glaze, XIX ; 231b, blue glass
Ptolemaic ; 231c, blue and black glaze, Dendereh, Ptolemaic,
group 21. Type B, 231d, e, pewter plates with za serpent
above, group 18 ; 231 f, g, h, blue and black glaze, Dendereh,
Ptolemaic, group 21 ; 231 j, green glazed schist (pi. xxxviii).
Materials. Blue glaze 8, Black glass 3, Blue glass 1,
Pewter 2, Haematite 1, Blue paste 1, Green glaze 1, Grey
glaze 1, Bronze 1, Wood 3.
Position. Chest (3) ; stomach (3).
Collections. Turin 9, Univ. Coll. P. 8, Athens 4, St.
Petersburg 2, Murch 2.
232. SHREW MOUSE.
Meaning. Sacred to Horus and Uazet. Passed round
boils as a charm (PLINY, xxx, 34).
Varieties. A, standing. B, on box.
Figures. Type A, 232a, b, c, d, e, bronze. Type B, 232f,
bronze, as also two at St. Petersburg.
Collections. Univ. Coll. P. 5, St. Petersburg 2.
233. DOG.
Meaning. As these dogs are all short-legged, they
probably refer to watching and guarding the person, and
not to hunting.
Period. Eoman and Coptic.
AMULETS OF ANIMAL GODS
Figures. 233a, b, bronze ; 233c, red coral, dog seated ;
233d, dark blue glaze with yellow points, Roman, group 22 ;
233e, mother of pearl, Coptic ; 233f, f 2, light blue glaze, dog
lying down.
Materials. Green glaze 3, Blue glaze 2, Bronze 2,
" Black and white stone " (Cairo) 2, Syenite 1, Red coral 1,
Shell 1.
Collections. Univ. Coll. P. 6, Cairo 4 (2 seated, 1 lying
paws crossed, 1 curled up), Murch 1.
234. PIG.
Names. Apeh, Rera, Sdau.
Meaning. Sacrificed to Osiris annually. Pig standard
of the sixth and seventh months, Mekhir and Phamenoth
(LANZ., Diz. Mit., vii).
Period. XXVI.
Figures. 234a, b, light blue glaze ; 234c, c 2, light green
glaze. All sows.
Materials. Green glaze 20, Blue glaze 11, Black glaze 2,
Yellow glaze 1.
Collections. Cairo 18, St. Petersburg 7, Turin 3, Univ.
Coll. P. 3, E. 2, Athens 2.
285. HIPPOPOTAMUS.
Name. Apt.
Meaning. Sacred as Taurt (see 236).
Period. Prehistoric. Copper plate, XVIII (?).
Figures. 235a, noble serpentine, hippopotamus feeding,
under the base a wavy line in relief, perhaps a serpent ;
235b, c, brown steatite ; 235d, pink limestone, a frequent
ornament for attachment to legs of water skins; 235d 2,
small, round, dolomite, Tarkhan, 1292 ; 235e, copper plate.
Materials. Brown steatite 2, Pink limestone 1, Noble
serpentine 1, Copper 1, [Green glaze 1, " White stone " 1,
Blue glass 1, Cairo.]
Collections. Univ. Coll. P. 5, Cairo 3.
286. TAURT.
Name. Taurt.
Meaning. " The great one," the goddess of pregnancy.
Varieties. A, flat. B, round. C, double.
Period. A, VI to XVIII. B, XVIII to Ptolemaic.
Figures. Type A, 236a, blue glaze, Vlth dynasty, Zaraby ;
236b, c, bone, Vlth dynasty, group 8. B, 236d, greenish
limestone with gold crown, XXVI, group 15. A, 236e, f,
indigo blue glaze, XVIIIth dynasty ; 236g, indigo blue
glaze, Tell Amarna, XVIIIth dynasty ; 236g 2, schist, blue-
glazed, Xllth dynasty, Kahun ; 236h, mottled glass, black,
white, blue and red, XVIII; 236j , violet glass, XVIII ; 236j 2,
blue glazed schist ; 236k, black steatite, XIX ; 2361, green-
glazed schist ; 236m, green glaze ; 236n, violet glass, XVIII ;
236n 2 to 17, necklace of blue glaze, XVIII ; 236o, lazuli,
group 28 (pi. xlv) ; 236o 2, o 8 (pi. xlv), blue glaze, Xllth
dynasty, Kahun. B, 236p, green glaze, black hair and
back; 236q, bronze; 236q 2, green glaze; 236r, white
glaze with yellow feathers, fine work, XVIII (?) ; 236s, t, green
glaze, XXVI ; 236u, red jasper for inlay ; 288v, w, w 2, 8,
4, 5, 6, green glaze ; 236x, bronze ; 238y 2, 8, 4, green
glaze ; 236z, glass, burnt ; 236aa, blue glaze, Dendereh,
Ptolemaic, group 21. C, 236ab, double Taurt, violet glaze
XVIIIth dynasty. A, 236ac, black and white serpentine
(pi. xlvi).
Materials. Blue glaze 54, Green glaze 51, Yellow glaze 2,
Grey glaze 2, Lazuli 2, Violet glass 2, Bronze 2, Haematite 8,
Bone 2, Porphyry 1, Red glaze 1, White glaze 1, Violet
glaze 1, Red-grey glaze 1, Blue glass 1, Mottled glass 1,
Schist green-glazed 1, Schist blue-glazed 2, Jasper 1, Black
steatite 1, Limestone 1, Breccia 1, Serpentine 1.
Positions. Diaphragm (2) ; stomach (1) ; feet (1).
Collections. Cairo 45, Univ. Coll. P. 41, E. 10, Turin 84,
St. Petersburg 25, Murch 5.
287. HIPPOPOTAMUS HEAD.
Period. Vlth to Xllth dynasties.
Figures. 237a, green glaze on schist, button eal with
head of Hathor and serpents ; 237b, sard, head and fore-
paws broken from a figure ; 237c, carnelian, group 8 ;
237d, e, f, carnelian, group 14 ; 237g, deep red sard ;
237h, j, k, 1, amethyst ; 237m, carnelian ; 237n, black-green
jasper ; 237o, p, black -green serpentine; 237q, green glaze,
Xlth dynasty, Diospolis.
Materials. Green felspar 18, Amethyst 13, Oarnelian 9,
Black serpentine 3, Sard 2, Black jasper 1, Glazed schist 1,
Green glaze 1.
Collections. Murch 82, Univ. Coll. P. 16.
288. HEDGEHOG.
Period. XX to XXVI (?).
Figure. 238, on base a fish and a crocodile. (All have
incised bases.)
Materials. Green glaze 7, Blue glaze 8, Agate 1, "White
stone" 1, Brown agate 1, Black glaze 1, Schist 1 (above),
Steatite white glaze 1, Steatite green glaze 1.
Collections. Athens 7, Cairo 6, Alnwick 2, Univ. Coll.
P. 1, Murch 1.
239. TURTLE (Trionyx Triunguis).
Name. Opesh.
Meaning. The animal of death and darkness. The
Book of the Dead in Chapter 36 reads : " Chapter whereby
the Opshait is kept back. Away from me, thou with parted
lips ! I am Khnumu the lord of Shennu, who am bringing
the words of the gods to Ra, and I announce the news to
Nebes." In late papyri it is turned into a blackbeetle ; but
the name shows it to be the turtle.
Period. Prehistoric to Xllth dynasty (?).
Figures. 239a, brown agate ; 239b, carnelian ; 239b 2,
8, black serpentine.
47
AMULETS OF ANIMAL GODS
Materials. Amethyst 2, Carnelian 2, Black serpentine 2,
Porphyry 1, Brown agate 1, Limestone 1 ; and coiled gold
wire (see Dese. Eg., V, 59, 267).
Collections. Univ. Coll. P. 4, Murch 5.
240. CROCODILE.
Name. A, Hor am utu (LANZ., Diz. Mit., ccxvii). B,
Emsehu.
Meaning. Emblem of Sebek the crocodile god.
Varieties. A, hawk-headed and winged, as identified
with Horus. B, normal. C, capturing a boy. D, double.
E, seven together. F, with feathers, disc and horns.
Period. Xllth to Eoman.
Figures. Type A, 240a, bronze, the Sebek-Ka crocodile,
with hawk head, and wings raised, on the head a crown
of uraei, two horns and the papyrus crown ; upon a
corniced stand, without inscription. Type B, 240b, sard ;
240c, haematite ; 240d, grey steatite, Koman ; 240e, dark
blue glaze, XVIII; 240e, 2, 3, rough blue glaze, Xlth
dynasty, Kafr Ammar ; 240f, black steatite, Roman ; 240g,
light green glaze, Memphis ; 240h, blue glaze with yellow
points, Roman ; 240j, shell, Coptic (pi. xlii). Type C, 240k,
bronze, crocodile with boy in his mouth, the lower jaw on
the front of the boy, and the suspension ring under the
throat, Memphis. Type D, 2401, two crocodiles, grey
steatite. Type B, 240m (xlvi), green glaze, and m 2, 8, 4,
5, Nebesheh. Type F, 240n (xlvii), bronze.
Materials. Green glaze 29, Blue glaze 15, Steatite 4,
Yellow glaze 1, Grey glaze 1, Bronze 3, Sard 1, Haematite
1, Porphyry.
Collections. Cairo 26, Univ. Coll. P. 12, E. 6, St. Peters-
burg 4, Turin 4, Murch 1.
241. WARAN (Varanus niloticus).
The short puffy body and narrow tail distinguish this
from the crocodile figures.
Period. Prehistoric.
Figure. 241, ivory, suspension hole under chest.
Collection. Univ. Coll. P. 1.
242. LIZARD.
Period. XXVI.
Figure. 242, light green glaze, suspension ring at each
end, Memphis.
Collection. Univ. Coll. P. 1.
243. MENTU STANDARD.
Meaning. Protection of the god of war. No. 243f, and
perhaps others, seem to be " the harpoon of Horus of
Edfu" (MAE., Dend., iii, 68 c).
Varieties. A, with the lance or harpoon point. B, with
the aegis of Mentu.
Period. XlXth to XXVth dynasty.
Figures and Materials. A, 243a, bronze, lance head
above the head of Mentu ; 243b, bronze, with the lance
head and a hawk over the head of Mentu, forked base to
the staff; 24 3c, ebony, the Mentu head at the base of a
harpoon ; 243d, grey steatite, the lance head above the
Mentu head, forked below ; B, 243e, dark blue glaze, aegis
of Mentu on head of staff, XXI (?) ; 243f, bronze, head of
Mentu with disc ; 243g, bronze, aegis of Mentu on staff,
double feathers on head, uraeus at each side. (See three
large examples from Koptos at Berlin. Koptos, xxi. 4, 5, 6.)
Collection. Univ. Coll. P. 7 ; Berlin 8.
244. HAWK-HEADED SPHINX.
Meaning. The king as Mentu.
Period. XIX.
Figure. 244, red jasper, with cartouche of Rameses II.
on base.
Collection. Univ. Coll. P. 1 (see 218, as sphinx).
245. HAWK, FALCON.
This royal bird is more correctly called a falcon.
Name. Bak (MacG. 55); Sdt (MacG. 24, B. D. G.
982) = the bandaged hawk (LACAU, 95).
Meanings. The bird of Horus of Edfu. The king's soul.
Hawk of Sopd or Seker.
Varieties. A, alone. B, with uraei. C, in shrine. D,
of east and west. E, mummified.
Period. Prehistoric to Ptolemaic.
Figures. Type A, 245a, yellow and black serpentine;
245b, c, bone; 245d, greenish limestone; 248e, bone;
245e 2, sard, Tarkhan, 1626 ; 245f, noble serpentine ;
245g, ivory ; 245h (pi. xlii), grey steatite, all prehistoric ;
248j, j 2, j 8, j 4, bone, Vlth dynasty, group 4 ; 245k, bone,
group 8, Vlth dynasty ; 2451, green felspar ; 2451 2, blue
glaze, Hu, Xlth dynasty ; 245rn, n, o, amethyst ; 245p, q,
carnelian, group 14 : h q, Vlth to Xllth dynasty ; 248r, dark
indigo glaze, XVIII (?) ; 245s, green glaze, Vlth dynasty (?) ;
245s 2, sard, Riqqeh, XII; 245t, green schist; 245u (xlii),
blue glaze, Dendereh, Ptolemaic, group 21 ; 245v (xlii),
green glaze, on shoulders of Isis ; 245w, black jasper ;
245x, jade, fine work ; 245y, y 2, y 8,y 4, green glaze; 245z,
light blue glaze ; 245aa, hard green limestone ; 245ab,
green glaze ; 245ab 2, blue paste, Naukratis ; 245ac, green
glass burnt ; 245ac 2, steatite, Nebesheh ; 245ad ad 4,
gold, XVIIIth dynasty, ad 2, larger, silver (see pi. xlv);
245ae, bronze ; 245af, af 2, af 3, green glaze ; 245ag, blue
and black glaze, head turned sideways, Dendereh, Ptolemaic,
group 21 : 245ah, blue and black glaze, group 21 ; 245aj,
light blue glaze, group 21 ; 245ak (pi. xlv), red glass, for
inlay; 245al (pi. xlv), silver on resin body, Xllth dynasty.
Type B, 245am, black steatite, Horus with the serpents of
south and north, as described in the battles of Horus and
Set at Edfu, reverse Horus in triumph (pi. xliii) ; 245an,
lead plate, the crowned hawk with the serpent before him,
48
AMULETS OF ANIMAL GODS
and Isis behind him. Type C, 248ao, blue paste shrine,
containing bust of hawk ; above it a cornice of seven uraei ;
on each side the hawk-headed Horus-Ra seated, crowned
with disc and crescent ; on back a scarab ; 248ap, blue paste
shrine, head of the hawk from it here put at the side of it ;
over the door the disc and serpents, above that the disc and
wings ; on the side the Horus-Ra seated, on the lotus, and
behind that the winged hawk on the neb ; on the back the
disc and scarab ; 245aq, light blue glaze, shrine with hawk
and Isis seated before it, Dendereh, Ptolemaic, group 21, as
also next two. Type D, 24Sar, hawk crowned with disc, abt
hieroglyph of the east behind it ; 245as, hawk crowned with
feathers, amcnt, west, behind it, both light blue glaze.
Type E, gold, Horuza, Cairo. Type A, 245at (pi. xlvi),
quartz crystal.
Materials. Green felspar 42, Amethyst 31, Green glaze 24,
Blue glaze 20, Lazuli 26, BoneS, Gold 6, Bronze 8, Steatite 4,
Serpentine 8, Haematite 2, Carnelian 7, Green limestone 3,
Blue paste 3, 1 each of Silver, Lead, Quartz crystal, Black
jasper, Jade, Green schist, Green glass, Red glass, Yellow
glaze, Violet glaze, Grey glaze.
Position. Chest (11) ; stomach (8).
Collections Murch 89, Univ. Coll. P. 51, E. 8, Cairo 22,
Alnwick 16, St. Petersburg 10, Turin 9, Athens 5.
246. OSTRICH.
Period. Prehistoric.
Figure. 246, brown serpentine, ostrich seated.
Collection. Univ. Coll. P. 1.
247. IBIS.
Name. Habu, whence Greek ibis.
Meaning. The emblem of Tehuti, the god of wisdom.
Period. XVIII to Roman.
Figures. 247a, gold, a 2, without feather ; 247b, c, d,
bronze ; 247e, blue glaze with black head and tail, inscribed
on base " Lord of Khemnu (give life to) Hor-aa-pa-khred " ;
247f, green glaze, Kafr Ammar, Xlth dynasty, group 25 ;
247g, blue glaze ; 247g 2, green glaze, standing ; 247h, b.2, 3,
light blue-green glaze ; 247j, blue glaze, dark blue tail ; 247k,
green glaze, Dendereh, Ptolemaic, group 21 ; 2471, blue
glaze with yellow points, Roman.
Materials. Green glaze 11, Blue glaze 10, Bronze 5,
Gold 2, Steatite 1, Lazuli 1.
Collections. Univ. Coll. P. 12, St. Petersburg 8, Turin 5,
Alnwick 8, Murch 2.
248. VULTURE.
Name. Naur.
Meaning. Devotion to the goddess Mut.
Figures. 248a, bronze; 248b,grey limestone (see No. 94).
The latter may perhaps be an eagle.
249. VULTURE FLYING.
Period. XXVI (?).
Figures. 249a, green-glazed pottery ; 2Mb, blue-glazed.
Collection. Univ. Coll. P. 2.
250. GOAT SUCKER (Caprimulgus).
Period. Prehistoric.
Figures. 253a, ivory ; 250b, carnelian.
Collection. Univ. Coll. P. 2.
251. BIRD HEADS.
Period. Prehistoric.
Figures. 251a, b, c, slate ; 281d, slate, 1781 Naqadeh ;
251 e, slate, 146 Naqadeh ; 231 f, slate, 1865 Naqadeh.
Collection. Univ. Coll. P. 6.
252. COPTIC BIRD AMULETS.
Period. Coptic.
Figures. 232a, b, b 2, c, c 2, d, shell, perhaps intended
for the hoopoe.
Collection. Univ. Coll. P. 5.
253. BIRD'S FOOT.
Period. Coptic.
Figure. 233, wood, natural branching twigs, the left one
broken, Illahun.
Collection. Univ. Coll. P. 1.
254. SERPENT WITH ARMS.
Name. Nehcbka, one of the 42 judges of the dead.
Meaning. In the Xth domain of the underworld, Neheb-
kau points out the way to the dead (Book of the Dead,
Chapter 149), and the dead says that he " moves eternally
like Nehebkau" (Chapter 17). As an amulet, therefore, it
is a guide to the soul.
Varieties. A, serpent body. B, human body.
Period. About XXth dynasty.
Figures. 234a, dull green glaze ; 2S4b, deep blue glaze ;
254b2, 3, green glaze; 254c, green glaze, group 19. B,
seated, 254d (xlvi), d2, blue glaze, and Cairo.
Collections. Univ. Coll. P. 5, Cairo 1.
255. QARMUT (Clarias anguillaris).
Name. Nar (in name of early King Narmer).
Meaning. Sacred fish of Mendes, worn on head of
Hamehyt, goddess of Mendes.
Figures and Materials. 255a, b, Silver, Xllth dynasty (?) ;
2S5c, Bone, prehistoric (?) (see 173).
Collection. Univ. Coll. P. 3.
A fish carved in bone is an amulet against the evil eye
in Italy (BELL., xii, 23), and an emblem of fecundity (BELL.,
Fet-., 42).
49
AMULETS OF ANIMAL GODS
256. OXYRHYNKHOS (Mormyrus).
Name. Mazed; as shown by the city Oxyrhynkhos being
called Pa-mazed, and Mizz or Mizdeh being the modern
local name of this fish in that district.
Period. XXVI (?).
Figure. 256, bronze, with horned disc and uraeus on the
head.
Collection. Univ. Coll. P. 1.
257. BULTI (Tilapia nilotica).
Period. XII to Roman.
Figures. 257a, bronze; 257a 2, green glaze,XIIth dynasty,
Kahun ; 257b, glazed schist, inscribed below in cartouche
. . . men-neb; 257c, grey steatite, Koptos; 257d, violet glaze,
XVIII ; 237e e 6, carnelian, XVIII ; 257f, gold with green-
grey wax inlay, from Nubia (pi. xlvi).
Collection. Univ. Coll. P. 11.
258. ELECTRIC FISH (Malopterurus electricus).
Period. XVIII.
Figure. 268a a 7, (pi. xlv) green (6) and violet (1)
glaze.
Collection. Univ. Coll. P. 7.
262. SHUTTLE, OR WINDING FRAME.
Meaning. Emblem of the goddess Neit, one of the four
divinities guarding the tomb.
Period. XXVI.
Figures. 262a, agate; 262b, carnelian, probably an
early form of this sign.
Materials. Carnelian 3, Veined quartz 2, Agate 2,
Onyx 1, Alabaster 1, Limestone 1.
Collections. Cairo 7, Univ. Coll. P. 2, St. Petersburg 2,
Price 1, Alnwick 1.
263. WOMAN WITH OFFERINGS.
Period. XXVI.
Figure. 263, light green glaze, woman wearing long flap
garment down the back, fringed at the sides, the right hand
holding the horns of a gazelle, the left carrying a long jar
by a top handle.
Collection. Univ. Coll. P. 1.
264. FIGURE IN TALL HEAD-DRESS.
Period. Prehistoric (?).
Figure. 264, ivory, tall pointed head-dress, ears project-
ing as in figures of 1st dynasty, arms raised over chest.
Collection. Univ. Coll. P. 1.
259. LEPIDOTOS (Barbus bynni).
Najne. Penpennu (?), modern Binny.
Meaning. Sacred fish at Thebes.
Figures. See Cairo Catalogue.
Materials. Green glazed stone 5, Blue glazed 4. Green
glass 1, Amethyst 1 (all Cairo), Sard 1 (Athens).
Collections. Cairo 11, Athens 1.
260. SCORPION.
Name. Sclk.
Meaning. Emblem of the goddess Selket, one of the four
divinities guarding the tomb.
Period. Prehistoric to XXVI.
Figures. 260a, noble serpentine; 260b, sard, tail broken
off; 260b 2, sard, Tarkhan ; 260c, bronze, with head of
goddess crowned with disc and horns, rising from the
scorpion.
Collections. Univ. Coll. P. 4, Edinburgh 1, blue glaze.
261. GREEN BEETLE.
Period. Prehistoric to XII.
Figures. 261 a, noble serpentine (see Naqada, Iviii) ;
261a 2, quartz crystal, Tarkhan ; 261b b 5, green glaze,
Kahun, Xllth dynasty.
Materials. Green glaze 6, Serpentine 1, Carnelian 1,
blackened limestone 1.
Collections. Univ. Coll. P. 6, Murch 3.
265. FIGURE IN LONG ROBE.
Period. Prehistoric ('?), XXII (?).
Figures. 265a, alabaster, with large collar, and round
robe to feet ; 265b (pi. xlv), ebony.
Collection. Univ. Coll. P. 2.
266. FIGURE IN POINTED CAP.
Period. Vlth dynasty.
Figures. 286a, b, sard, group 14.
Collection. Univ. Coll. P. 2.
267. FLOWER.
Period. XXVI to XXX.
Figures. 267a, blue glaze, Memphis ; 267b, glaze faded
white, Memphis, a button ; 267c, green glaze, lotus, XXth
dynasty (?) (pi. xlv).
Collection. Univ. Coll. P. 3.
268. PALM COLUMN.
Period. Ptolemaic.
Figure. 268, blue glass burnt.
Collection. Univ. Coll. P. 1.
269. BUNCH OF GRAPES.
Period. Roman.
Figure. 269, blue glaze, frothy and bad.
Collection. Univ. Coll. P. 1, with 221d, similar work.
50
MISCELLANEOUS AMULETS
270. FLOWERING REED (Calamus).
Period. Ptolemaic.
Figure. 270, blue and black glaze, Dendereh, group 21.
Position. Chest.
Collection. Univ. Coll. P. 1.
271. SEED VESSEL.
Period. XVIII to XIX.
Figure. 271, blue glaze. Common on necklaces in
carnelian and in glaze.
Collection. Univ. Coll. P. many.
272. UNKNOWN OBJECT.
Period. VI.
Figure. 272 a, b, sard.
Collection. Univ. Coll. P. 2.
273. TWO FINGERS.
Name. Zebo ne dens rud (MacG. 58).
Meaning. " Finger of heavy stone, at the girdle."
Varieties. Two fingers of right or left hand.
Period. XXVI.
Figures. 273a, brown limestone, gilt ; 273b, opaque
obsidian ; 273c, opaque obsidian, right hand ; 273d, dark
purple glass, left ; 273d 2, black glass ; 273e, black glass,
left; 273f, black basalt, right: 273f 2, brown limestone;
273g, black basalt ; 273g 2, brown basalt (?) ; 273h, light
blue glaze, right, Dendereh, Ptolemaic, group 21.
Materials (omitting those in Cairo as uncertain). Black
basalt 8, Obsidian 6, Black glass 8, Brown steatite 2, Blue
glaze 2, Haematite 1, Purple glass 2, Brown glass 1, Black
glass 1, Slate 1, Brown limestone 2, Blackened limestone 1,
Brown basalt 1.
Position. Usually left side of pelvis, sometimes base of
stomach, or middle of stomach, never higher.
Collections. Cairo 80 R, 2 L, British Museum 10 R,
2 L, Univ. Coll. P. 8, E. 3 (6 R, 2 L), St. Petersburg 4,
Murch 8, Price 2, Alnwick 2, Turin 1.
274. UNCERTAIN PENDANTS.
Peiiod. Roman.
Figures. 274a, black steatite; 274b, brown haematite.
Collection. Univ. Coll. P. 2.
275. STAR.
Period. Xllth dynasty, Ptolemaic.
Figures. 27Sa, blue glaze, Xllth dynasty, Kahun ; 275b,
light blue glaze, Dendereh, group 21.
Position. Throat (1) ; Stomach (1).
Collection. Univ. Coll. P. 2.
CHAPTER X
THE POSITIONS OF AMULETS
IN the preceding catalogue the positions of amulets have
been stated ; and as very few plans of sets of amulets have
yet been published, it seems well to set out now the plans
which I have long had recorded. These plans were gathered
at Hawara, 8 of the XXVIth dynasty ; at Abydos, 2 of the
XXXth dynasty ; at Nebesheh, 4 about the same age ; and
at Dendereh, 10 of the Ptolemaic age. The last of these
groups was recorded by Mr. N. de G. Davies, the Abydos
groups by my wife, and the other three groups by myself.
The twenty-four plans of amulet groups are drawn in
position on pis. 1 to liii. Each plan has the site at
the top left, and the reference number at the top right
hand. Down the side of each plan are letters, T, C, P, etc.,
indicating the position of the lines of amulets upon the
mummies, the meaning of these letters being stated at the
beginning of pi. liv. This same plate serves to find all
the instances of any amulet, having first the number of
the amulet in the catalogue, then the name of the amulet,
the numbers of the plans in which it occurs, and the letters
of the rows in the plans. These last letters serve also to
show at once, without reference to the plans, at what parts
of the mummies any amulet is found. The actual draw-
ings here are rather spread out for clearness, so that the
lower lines of amulets conic lower than their exact places
on the mummies : one of the closest is No. 6, on which
all the rows from T to the scarabs and eyes in U, were all
within 12 inches of height, or from the clavicle to the
umbilicus. The materials are listed below No. 1, and the
initial letters of the material are placed by the amulets
where the material is recorded. All of the Dendereh
amulets, 15 21, are of blue glaze with black
painting.
As on such a scale the distinctions of the minute
statuettes of gods would not be clear, the names of the
gods are stated instead of a figure. Some of the figures
such as the scarabs are only conventional, in order to
make them as clear as might be. There are obviously
certain changing fashions in the kinds and positions of
amulets. In the XXVIth dynasty we see a row of zad
signs across the stomach, above or below them a triad of
Isis, Nebhat, and Horus. Rather later were added the
counterpoise at the nape of the neck, and the serpent head
at the throat. The mummy on the bier, the mourners,
and the lion, are Ptolemaic. Many other distinctions
between these different ages may be noticed in the
arrangements.
51
H 2
THE POSITIONS OF AMULETS
One of the few records of the positions of amulets is
from one of the priests of Amen (Ann. Sen-., VIII, 35). As
this bore dates on the linen of Pisebkhanu son of Pinezem
1006 952 B.C., and the 8th year of Siamen 1014 B.C., it is
probably a few years before 1000 B.C. All the groups here
given are much later, so this set is important. On the
neck was a string of amulets, an uzat, uraeus, and vulture,
of gold, scarab and engraved uzat of lazuli. On clavicle, a
hawk of gilt bronze. Pectoral, greenstone scarab. Um-
bilical, big blue scarab between hands. Over incision in
left flank, a plate of copper. Between the legs, a papyrus,
the usual position in this age. Under the left hand, a wax
figure of Hapi. On left ulna, a long bead of blue paste (the
name badge 77), a scarab and an uzat. On a string at the
side, probably intended to lay across the chest, a uraeus,
uzat, scarab, heart, zad, and two papyrus sceptres. The
mummies of the XVIIIth to XXth dynasties have very
few amulets. In the Old Kingdom amulets are com-
moner, usually on necklaces and wrists (see Dcshaaheh,
xxvi).
PROPERTIES OF STONES.
Besides the meanings attached to various forms of amulets,
the material is also looked on as having important influence.
Often the form is disregarded, so long as the special material
can be obtained ; a mere lump of the required stone, or a
plain bead or pendant of it, is sufficient. These properties
attributed to the materials are only recorded in general for
Italy, by Pliny anciently, and by Bellucci in modern times.
These authors are referred to by P. or B.
Adamas, diamond. For poison or delirium, P. xxxvii,
15.
Lead. For suppuration in swine, B. viii, 16, 24.
Pyrites, crystal. To preserve the eyes, B. viii, 23.
Haematite, blood red. Reveals treachery ; for success in
petitions, P. xxxvii, 60 ; stops bleeding, B. viii, 17.
Sidcrites, black haematite, or meteorite. Causes discord
in law suits, P. xxxvii, 67; for witchery and evil eye, B.
viii, 17.
Apsyctos (haematite ?). Against cold, P. xxxvii, 54.
Limonite (hydrous iron oxide) concretion. For pregnancy,
P. viii, Am. 19, Fet. 945.
Sapf>hire. For headache : promotes contentment, B.
v. 26.
Paeanitis, like ice, quartz crystal. For parturition, P.
xxxvii, 66 ; evil eye, B. x, Am. 64.
Amethyst. For intoxication, P. xxxvii, 15 ; against spells,
hail and locusts, and for access to kings, P. xxxvii, 40.
Chalcedony, white, " milk stone." For increase of milk,
B. vi.
Chalcedony, red, " blood stone." For bleeding, especially
of nose, B, vi.
Opal. To strengthen the sight. Jackson, "Minerals
and their uses."
Agate, concentric, " eye stone." Evil eye, B. vi, Fet. 52.
Agate, Egyptian. Against scorpions, P. xxxvii, 54.
Jaspis, jasper. For public speaking, P. xxxvii, 37.
Heliotropium, blood jasper. For invisibility, P. xxxvii,
60 ; to stop bleeding, B. v, Am. 18, Fet. 88, 89.
Black jasper, baetiili and kerauniae. Potent in taking
cities and fleets, P. xxxvii, 51 ; against lightning and
evil, B. i iii.
Staurolite. Against witchery, B. v. 27.
Lyncurion, jacinth or yellow quartz. Against jaundice,
P. xxxvii, 13.
Smaragdus, emerald. As amethyst, P. xxxvii, 40 ; for
parturition, Jackson.
Jadeite, nephrite. For kidney disease, B. iv.
Amianthus. Against spells, P. xxxvi, 81.
Garnet. For widows, comfort in misfortune, B. v. 10.
Serpentine. Against headache and serpent bites, P.
xxxvi, 11 ; xxxvii, 54 ; disc, against reptile bites, B. iv,
Am. 17 ; cylinder, phallic, against evil eye, B. iv.
Soapstone, white, mixed in water. For increase of milk,
P. xxxvii, 59.
Malachite, " peacock stone." Preserves infants, P. xxxvii,
36 ; for evil eye, B. x.
Alabaster. For increase of milk, B. vi.
Limestone disc. To get dirt from eye, B. viii, 18 ; with
dendrite, against venom, B. viii, 19.
Selenite. For increase of milk, B. vi; against evil eye,
B. x.
Amber. For throat affections, P. xxxvii, 11 ; on neck
for fevers, P. xxxvii, 12 ; against witchery, B. v.
Coral, white, " milk stone." For increase of milk, B. ix.
Coral, red. Evil eye and menstruation, B. ix, Am. 28,
Fet. 46.
Ammonite. Gives prophetic dreams, sacred in Ethiopia,
P. xxxvii, 60.
Madrepore. Evil eye and witchery, B. vii, Am. 33 ;
worms in children.
Holed stone. Against witchery, B. viii.
52
LIST OF GROUPS OF AMULETS
VARIOUS strings of beads and amulets have been bought GROUP 15. From a few miles north of Abydos. 148 ;
which obviously belong together, by their uniformity of 149f; 170a; 236d.
style and material ; and although the localities from which GROUP 16. XXVIth dynasty (?). 33e;148f, g; 148h ;
they come are not known, it is desirable to keep the record 149g; 164c; 170b ; 194e; 224a.
of their grouping. Such are noted by the number of the GROUP 17. Memphis, XXVI, necklace. 148j ; 175e.
group when described in the Catalogue, and the list of GROUP 18. Sheet pewter, figures stamped. 98c; 149h;
references to each group is given here. Groups 1 to 13 180g; 182b; 202e, e2; 231d, e.
belong probably to about the Vlth dynasty. GROUP 20. Wax impressed, Dendereh, Ptolemaic. 8a ;
GROUP 1. Types 2a; 12a 13; 12b, 2, 8; 12c 24; 30e;68d;71c; 881; 150a, b, b2; 153a; 156a, a 2; 137d ;
15e4; 22f2; Hid; 138b. 208e.
GROUP 2. 2b; !Sa2; 15e5, G; lllf, g, h ; 113d;138c; GROUP 21. From various Ptolemaic tombs, Dendereh.
138h2. 7p;8b; 28d ; 30a;34e;36g; 37f;40b; 58t,u; 59d; 71a,b;
GROUPS. 2c; 12a, b, b4, c5; 22b;47a; lllj; 113c, 79c . 84b . 87c . 93^ f . 150 C h ; ISSb; 156b; 157f ; 180j ;
c2; 138j, J2, 3, k, k2; 237c. 182q, r; 197j ; 2061; 208f; 211k; 219j ; 224f, m ; 231c, f,
GROUP 4. 170d ; 205a ; 245j 14. gj h ; 236aa ; 245u, ag, ah, aj, aq, ar, as ; 247k ; 270 ; 273h ;
GROUP 5. 2d, e; 27a, b; 94a ; 113b; 138h ; 170c, c2; 275b.
219d, d2,3. GROUP 22. 13b ; 145w, x ; 1491; 233d.
GROUP 6. 12a4; 29b; 94b; 206a. GROUP 23. 16b,b2;161j.
GROUP?. If 2; 12a5; 15c3; 22c2,e2; 29a ; 94a 2 ; GBOW 24> Tfl u Amarna, Roman. 74a,b;133j.
138d; 138g2 J4; 220a. GROUP 25. Kafr Ammar, Xlth dynasty. 247f.
GROUP 8. 12a 6 ; 22a ; 94c ; 138a ; 145a ; 206b ; 236b, c ;
2Mk GROUP 26. Dendereh, Ptolemaic. 7n ; 40c, d ; 88p ;
GROUP 9. 2b2; 206c. 92 J ; 156c>
GROUP 10. 22d2; 27b2. GROUP 27. Memphis, jewellery. 16c, d; 88d, e, f;
GROUP 11. Ha ; 219k, k 2. 1Mk -
GROUP 12. 2f; 206d. GROUP 28. 49d;88d,e.
GROUP 13. 12c; 22c ; 77d ; 123a; 138f ; 185a d. GROUP 30. Vlth dynasty. 22g 2 ; 113c; 138e; 185e,
GROUP 14. Vlth to Xllth dynasty. ISf ; lllc ; 129a, f, f2.
b, b 2 ; 138g ; 18Sg, h ; 237cl, e, f ; 245h q ; 266a, b. GROUP 31. Illahun, XXVth dynasty. 34d 2 ; 90aa.
NOTE. On pi. xl an unnumbered figure, which entered the collection after cataloguing, has not been described.
It is a bronze figure of a hawk with ram's head and human arms. See LANZ., Diz. Mit., cliii p. 558.
53
INDEX
A.
AAXHET, 17
Ab, 10
Ablariathanalba, 31
Ab-nekh, 12
Abraaax, 30, 31
Abraxas, 31
Adamas, 52
Aegis of Bastet, 42
Agate, 52
Alabaster, 52
Algerians, 1
Altar with cakes, 20
Amber, 52
Amber used for eyes, 3
Amen, 37
Ament, 25
Ames, 18
Amethyst, 52
Amianthus, 52
Ammonite, 52
Amphisbaena, 26
Amset, 39
Amulet, origin of name, 1
Ancient writers on amulets, 1
Anhur, 37, 41
Animal gods, amulets, 43
,, headed gods, amulets, 39
Anpu, 2, 42, 46
Anubis, 30
4o, 20
Aoh, 17, 23
Aorot, 18
Ape, seated, 43
,, standing, 43
Apeh, 47
Aphreni, 30
Aphrodite, 30
Apis, 43
Apsyctos, 52
Apt, 47
Arab use of amulets, 1
Ari, 9
Ann, 11
Anns, two, 11
Ascending to sky, 17
Atherne Mino, 30
Athlathanalba, 30
Auk skin used, 3
Auo, 20
B.
Ba, 14
Ba the divine, 45
Baboon, 43
Bak, 48
Bakhakhukh, 30
Barbary sheep, 45
Bark of the Moon, 17
Bastet, 46
Bat, 17
Bate, 2
Bat's head worn to prevent sleep, 2
Bear, wearing of part of, to give strength, 2
Bearing of King's soul, 16
Beauty, emblem of, 14
Beetle, green, 50
Being, conferred by vulture, 25
Bell, 28
Bellucci, Prof., 1, 8
Benefit of dead, 1
Benefits of life, 22
Bennu, 30
Benr, 20
Berberete, 30
Bes, 30, 40, 41
Binny, 50
Bird amulets, Coptic, 49
,, heads, 49
Bird's foot, 49
Blood of Isis, protection by, 23
Body, preservation of, 22
Boils, 26
Bone, 26
Boni, Comm. 1
Book of the Dead :
Chapter 22.. 17
23. .16
25. .21
26-29B..10
30.. 10, 24
33.. 25
36.. 47
59.. 12
94.. 21
140.. 32
149.. 49
155.. 15
156.. 23
158.. 20
160.. 13
162.. 20, 30
,, 163. 33
166.. 15
167.. 32
Bound captive, 19
Breast, 10
Brinteti en, 31
British Museum, collection at, 6
Bulla, 28
Bulti, 60
Bunch of grapes, 50
C.
Caesarea, coins of, 32
Cairo, collection at, 6
Camel, 45
Cardium Edule shell, 27
Carthaginian source of amulets, 1
Cartouche, 21
Cassia Nodnlosa shell, 27
Casual connection, 2
Cat, 46
,, and kittens, 46
Cats on column, 46
Central Africa, use of amulets in, 2
Chalcedony, 52
Charm case, 29
Charms, 1, 2
,, Greek, stone, 30
Chief, amulet of, 9
Children and amulets, 1
CM-rlio cross, 32
Circle of cord, 22
Clanculus Pharaonis shell, 28
Classes of amulols, 6
Claw, 13
Cleopatra Bulimoides shell, 27
Clothing, 21
Cobra on case, 20
Collar, 20
Combs, 21
Concretions in stone for pregnancy, 2
Conferring greatness, 14
Confidence, 2
Confusion with medicines, 2
Construction of charms, 2
Conns shell, 27
Coral, 27, 52
Counterpoise of collar, 15
Cow, legs tied, 20
Crescent, 23
Crocodile, 48
Cross, 32
Crowned sun, 17
Cynaelurus guttatus, 40
Cypraea shell, 27
D.
Damaraland, wearing of amulets in, 2
Dangers, to steer through, 2, 27
55
INDEX
Date, 20
Dead, amulets for, 15
Defence, 21
Definitions and limitations of subject, 5
Demzedet, 25
Denlalium shell worn for teething, 2
Deehert, 18
Dei, 11
Diffusion of amulets, 1
Digestion, amulet for, 30
Direction of thought to disease, 2
Disc mace, 18
of sun, 17
Dish of flour on mat, 20
Divinity, conferred by vulture, 25
Dog, 46
Dog's teeth to protect wearer from mad
dog, 2
Door bolt, 28
Double crown on Neb, 18
,, of objects, 2
Dragon's head put under door sill, 3
Dress of living, 20
Drink offering, 20
Duat-mut-ef, 39
Duckling, 14, 20
Durability, emblem of, 13, 19
Dwarf, 38
E.
Ear, 10
Electric fish, 50
Elevation, emblem of, 17
fioulMieouMi, 30
Equilibrium, 16
Erpet alt, 44
Eskimos, 2
Eul-airian, 30
Eupepti, 30
Evil eye, amulets to avert, 2, 4, 26, 27, 28, 29
Eye, 9, 32, 33
P.
Face, 9
Faith -healer, 2
Faith theory of cures due to amulets, 2
Fear, weakening due to, 2
Feathers and scourge, 18
Fighting power, emblem of, 18
Figure in long robe, 50
,, in pointed cap, 50
,, in tall head -dress, 50
,, with necklaces, 19
Finding of way, 13
Fish amulet worn for fecundity, 2
Fist clenched, 11
thumb between first and second
fingers, 11
Flour offering, 20
Flower, 50
Flowering seed, 51
Fly, 12
Food offering, 19, 20
Forked lance, 16
Foxhead worn to ensure cunning, 3
Frog, 12
against chill of fever, 3
,, and toad, 12
,, meaning of, 12
Frog transfixed to ensure faithfulness, 3
Future existence, 1
G.
Galactitis, use of, 2
Garnet, 52
Gazelle, 20
Girdle of Isis, 23
Goat sucker, 49
Oobbo, 38
Going among men, 25
Goose, 20
Green beetle, 50
Groups of goddesses, 35
Growth of amulet system in burials, 5
Guidance of the flock, 18
,, to the soul, 42
Guillemot's foot for proficiency in whaling, 3
H.
Habu, 49
Haematite, 52
Hand open, 1 1
Hairdressing, 21
Hap, 34
Hapy, 39
Haqt, 18
Har, 34
Hare, 44
Harpekroti, 30, 34
Hathor, 37, 38, 40
,, the cow of, 44
Hat-mehyt, 38
Hawk falcon, 48
,, head, 3
,, headed sphinx, 45, 48
He Kliaris, 30
Head bearded, 9
,, bones of animals for headache, 2
,, of Horus, 35
,, restoration of, 15
Head-rest, 15
Hearing, power of, 10
Hedgehog, 47
Heart, 10
,, of Isis given to deceased, 23, 24
of Osiris, 36
,, pricked with pins, 3
worn as amulet, 2
Hell, 18
Heimskringla account, 3
Heliotropium, 52
Helix Desertorum, 27
Hent, 28
Heqt, 12
Her, 9
Her-ne-pot, 38
Hez, 18, 36
Hezt, 17
Hippopotamus, 47
Holed stone, 52
Hor-am-utu, 48
Horn, 26
Hornet, 17
Horus, 30, 34, 35, 39
Hotep, 20
Human soul, 14
Human-headed bird, 14
Hunting, skill in, 3
Hypocephalus, 30
lad, 30
laO-la-ila-ma, 31
Ibis, 49
Ibex, 45
Icelandic sagas, 1
Ikhankhala, 30
Illumination, 36
Intent to live, 2
Isis, 30, 35
Pharia, 35
Islam, 31
Italy, 1
use of amulets, 4
Ivory ball worn for lactation, 2
,, tablet for fever, 2
J.
Jackal head, 13, 46
,, headed archer, 42
,, standing, 46
Jadeite, 52
Jaspis, 52
Joint of meat, 20
Joy, emblem of, 15
K
Ka, 11
Kebhieituf, 39
Keses, 16
Khal, 30
KJtat, 21
KJiens, 45
Ehep, 11
Kheper, 23, 24
Kheret, 25
Kher-o, 21
Khet, 17
Khet-ba-mute/, 43
Khnumu, 30, 40
Khonsu, 37
Kittiwake head amulet, 3
Klipspringer, 45
Knotted cord, 29
Knowledge and power emblem, 18
Lactation, milk white stone for, 2
,, power of, 10
Lead, 52
,, amulet for swine, 3
Leg, 11
Leopard claw amulet, 2
head, 13
Lepidotus, 50
Life amulet, 14
Limestone, 52
Limonite, 52
Lion, 45
Little auk skin amulet, 3
Living, power of, 10, 25
Lizard, 26, 48
56
INDEX
Lizard with forked tail, 2
Locust, 14
Lyncurion stone, 2, 52
M.
Maa-Jies, 41
MacQregor papyrus, 6
Madrepore, 52
Magic effect of objects, 1
Mahes, 41
Malachite, 62
Malaria, 26
Malignant spirits, 2
Man kneeling with palms, 18
Man's girdle tie, 14
Mandaite, 32
Maot, 38
Marcus, 30
Masculs, 1, 3
Mau, 46
Mazed, 50
Meaning of amulets, 1
Medusa head, 28
Mekhtu, 30
Meleayrina maryaritifera shell, 27
Men, 18
Menat, 15
Mendes, goddess of, 38, 49
Menqaryt, 25
Mentu, 48
Menz, 10
Merneptah, 30
Mes-zer, 10
Mikhael, 30
Min, 37
Mitra macuhsa shell, 27
Monkhet, 21
Moon god, protection of, 23
Mormormi, 30
Moza, 11
Mummy, 23
,, on bier, 23
,, to open mouth of, 28
Murex ternispina shell, 27
Mut, 37, 49
N.
Name badge, 21
,, of amulet, 1
Names, to preserve the, 21
Nar, 49
Nature and magic slowly separated, 1
Naur, 49
Nazhi, 13
Nebhat, 35
Nefer, 14
Nefertum, 38
Nehebka, 49
Neit, 37, 50
Nekhekh, 18
Nems, 21
Nephrite stone for disease of kidneys, 2
Nephthyi, 30
Nerita crattilabrum shell, 27
Nert, 25
Nert-hent-pet-er-remtu, 25
Nes, 10
Norse Sagas, 1
0.
Ob, 26
Objects to distract thought, 2
Ofef, 12
Oliva shell, 2H
Onkh, 14
Opal, 52
Opener of the ways, 42
Operculum for the eyes, 2
Opeah, 47
Oqat, 13
Oracular bust, 36
Osiris, Isis and Horus, 36
Ostrich, 49
plumes, 16
Ox head, 19
Oxyrhynkhos, 50
P.
Paeanitis, 52
Pair of feathers, 17
Palm column, 50
Papyrus on a plaque, 13
,, sceptre, 12
Pear mace, 18
Pebbles to ensure fleetness of puppies, 3
Pectoral, 24
Pectunculus i-iolace)cen shell, 27
Peh, 13
Pendant for forehead, 29
Penpennu, 50
Peseshkef, 28
Phagrus eel on case, 26
Phallus, 11
Ph-nes-khgrphi, 30
Phoenician transmission of amulet name, 1
P/iokhos, 30
PJiylax, 30
Pig, 47
Pisebkhanu, 52
Pliny, 1, 2, 3
Plumes, disc and two horns, 16
Plummet, 16
Polinices mamilla shell, 27
Power of the senses, 9
over property, 22
,, to behold Ea, 17
Powers, amulets of, 14
Prase, 10
Pregnancy, 26, 47
Primitive mode of thought regarding
amulets unchanged, 4
Primou, 30
Prince seated, 28
Princess, 28
Principle of arrangement of catalogue, 6
Properties of stones, 52
Property, amulets of, 19, 22
Protection, 25, 28, 35, 42
from wild beasts, 13
Provision for writing, 21
Pskhr, 30
Ptah, 38
Seker, 38
Purpose of amulets, 1
Pyrites, 52
Co. 17
Qarmut, 49
Qeb, 11
Quartan fever, protection against, 24, 26
Ra, 39
,, as protector, 22
,, as ruler, 22
,, four sons of, 39
Ram, 44
Ram's head, 44
Ran, 21
Rasmussen's account of amulets, 3
Raven's foot for contentment, 3
Record, confusion with medicine in, 1
Rectitude, 16
Red coral amulet for menstruation, 2
,, Crown, 18
Sea pearl, 27
,, stone worn against bleeding, 2
Rel.en, 20
Rtmtn, 11
Repoti-hat, 28
Sera, 47
Rising sun, 17
Ro, 17
Romun use of name amulet, 1
Royal clothing, 21
,, crook, 18
head dresa, 21
,, power of Lower Egypt, 17, 18
of Upper Egypt, 17, 18
,, scourge, 18
Rule in Haliopolis, 18
S.
Sa, 20
Saau, 47
Saba, 31
Sabaoth, 30
Salkhet, 25
Sagas, 1
Sah, 23
Sailors, protection of, 35
Saints, 38
Salvation, 32
Sapphire, 52
Sat, 48
Scarabs, 23, 24
Scorpion, 50
Seal, 22
ring, 22
Seated prince, 28
Sebek, 42, 48
Security, 28
Seden, 21
Seed vessel, 51
Seeing the sun, power of, 17
Sekhat, 44
SekJiemti, 18
Sekhmet, 41
Self-reliance, to give, 2
A.
57
INDEX
Selenite, 62
Selk, 50
Selket, 38
Semitic origin of name amulet, 1
Seno, 45
Seqeq, 16
Sera, 44
Serapis, 30
Serapeum, 30
Svrekh, 21
Serpent, 25
,, head, 25
,, headed god, 43
,, with anas, 49
Serpent's skin, 2
Serpentine, 52
Sesh-shet, 15
Seat, 28
Set, 30, 40
,, animal, 46
Shap, 19
She, 22
Shepherd's stick, 18
Shilluks, 1
Shrew moxise, 26, 42, 46
Shu, 37, 42
Shuti, 16
Shuttle, 50
Siderites, 52
Similars, amulets of. 9
doctrine of, 3
Si-nehem, 14
Siren for security, 2
Sistrum, 15
Skin of mouth of bear, worn in child's cap, 3
Slave figure, 22
Sma, 11, 16
Smaragdus, 52
Smauti, 18
Snake bite, to avoid, 25
Soapstone, 52
Speaking and feeding, 16
Spearhead, 21
Sphinx, male, 40
,, female, 40
Square, 16
Stability, emblem of, 1 5
Stages of human mind, 1
Stairs, 17
Star, 51
Staurolite, 52
Stauros, 32
Stone implement, 28
inscribed, Greek and non-Greek, 30
St. Petersburg, collection at, 6
Strength, amulet for, 2, 3
Sumbel, 30
Sun and uraei, 22
wings, 22
Superstitions, 1
Sympathetic magic, 2
T.
Tabu, to defy, 2
Tahuti of Panebes, 41
Tat beberte, 30
Tasmanians, 1
Taurt, 26, 47
Tefnut, 41
Tehuti, 42, 49
Tell el Yehudiyeh, 30
Tep,9
Terebra consobrina shell, 28
Tertian fever, 26
Themes, 21
Themt, 25
Thet, 20, 23
Thoth, 31
Thunderstones, use of in Italy, 3
Toad, 12
Tongue, 10
,, of hyena, to prevent dogs barking, 3
Tooth, 13
,, worn for toothache, 2, 13
Truth, impersonation, 38
Turbo, operculum, 27
Turin, collection at, 6
Turtle, 47
Two fingers, 51
,, hands side by side, 11
,, plumes, disc and horns, 16
U.
Vas, 18
Uaz, 12
13
Ulcers, 26
Union, 11, 16
University College, collection at, 1, 5
Unknown deities, 37
Uort, 11
Upuatu, 42, 46
Ur, 14
Uraeus serpent, 18
Ur, 15
Urlheka, 25
Use of amulets, 1
Usekh, 20
Ushabti, 22
Uzat eye, 9, 32
Varieties of amulets used in Egypt, 5
Valour, emblem of, 13
Vase, 20
Veddahs, 1
Vicarious double, 2
,, theory, supposition of, 2
Vigorous action, 1 1
Voyaging in sky, 17
Vulture, 49
flying, 49
,, standing, 25
,, with wings spread, 25
Vulture and uraeus, 18
W.
Wagtail, 14
Walking, power of, 1 1
Waran, 48
Wealth, emblem of, 19
Wearing of written charms, 2
Whaling, luck in, 3
White crown, 17
Will, power of, 11
Woman with offerings, 50
Work, to, for deceased, 22
Woven charm, 29
Writing tablet, 21
Y.
Youth, emblem of, 12
,, conferred by vulture, 25
Z.
Za, 14
Zad, 15
Zebot, 22
Zebo ne dens rud, 51
Zet, 25
BBADBCKY, AGHEW, & CO. LD., PRINTERS, LONDON AND TONBRIDQE.
58
I'/.ATK I
**Mfc-~
*?.
1(2
*
7fl
ib
Tc
16
15,
14
13 a
13 A
ittn
SIMILARS: I 'ARTS. OK HUMAN liODV.
16 <
PLATE n
21 b 21 (:
22
9 k
24
23
ttff?
25
SIMILARS: ANIMAL AND VKGKTABLK
//..; 7 'A in
34
Ttt
POWERS: SVMHOLIC: IIIKROGI^VI'IIS.
1'I.ATE V
69
70
PROPERTY : FUNEREAL OFFERINGS.
PLATE VI
78
a
84 a
m
83 a
84 b
ROPERTY : j
POSSESSIONS.
PROTECTION CELESTIAL.
1'I.ATE VII
St i
PUOTF.CTION : MUMMY. GIRDLK. FLAT SCARAR
1'l.ATE VI 11
90
PROTECTION': IXSCKIBKI) SCARAB, BACKS.
PLATE IX
t
I'ROTl-XTIOX : INSCRIBKI) SCARAB, FRONTS.
PLATE X
91
PROTECTION : PECTORALS.
rt.ATl: XI
93 e
93 b
i
:_. ^
PROTECTION: SCARAB WITH LEGS AND WINGS.
PLATK -V//
PROPERTY: VULTURE, SERPENT.
ri.ATK XI 11
98 e.
99
100. a
1 00.
101 C
1 00. C.
1'KOTKCTIOX : CASES FOR RKl'TILKS.
PLATE XIV
108 a
108*
109 a
t ^
111
\ , >^ -
,+*
A 4 *
113
o
i
.- ~ <
313
iff
112
111 b
*
.
PROTECTION: HORN AND SHELLS.
I' I. ATE XV
115 *f
PROTECTION: SHELLS, IMPLEMENTS, FIGURES, BULLAE.
/'/.. //'A AT/
130
PROTECTION : FOREHEAD PENDANTS.
PLATE XVII
131
"**H &*rf*c22r*#
'Xm&m^'f 2>- ^ ;
i^aw 1 * r \*r
PKOTKCTIOX : KNOTTED CORDS.
/'/../ X I:
131
PROTECTION: KNOTTED CORDS.
PLATE XIX
PROTECTION: CORDS, WEAVING, CHARM CASKS.
134
11.111: .\\
PROTECTION : IIVI'OCKI'IIALI.
/'/..-/ TE XX J
135
136
1'KOTECTIOX : IXSCKIHEI) STOXES, GREEK.
I'l.ATF. \XII
136
\35aa
PROTECTION: INSCRIBED STONES, NON-GREEK.
ri.ATE XXI II
136
I'ROTKCTIOX : INSCRIBED, SEMITIC, CROSS.
//.;// xx ir
HUMAN GODS: EVK OK IIOKUS.
xx y
HUMAN GODS': KVK OK IIORL'S.
I'l.ATK \.\ri
a
HUMAN GODS: HORUS, ISIS.
'/../ 7 y : ".v.vr//
HUMAN GODS: IIORUS, ISIS, OSIHIS. XKHIIAT.
>
//.ivy-: x.\ rm
HUMAN CODS: OSIRIS, IIKART OK OSIRIS.
PLATE XX/X
159
a
HUMAN GODS: ORACULAR BUSTS.
I'l.ATK XXX
175 a 175 A
HUMAN GODS: MIN TO NEFERTUM.
l'I..lTE XXXI
176
180
('HUMAN GODS: DWARFS, SAINTS.
//.// / .v.v.v/y
n
o oo
AXI.MAL-HKADED GODS: FOUR SON'S OK RA.
ri.ATE XXX 111
ANIMAL-HEADED GODS : SET, SPHINX, HATIIOR, KIINUMU, BES.
I'l.ATK .V.V.V/r
AXIMAL-IIKADKD GODS: BKS, TAHUTI, MAI IKS.
// /// .v.v.vr
ANIMAL-HEADED GODS: ANIIUR WITH TKFNUT, SKKII.MET, BASTET.
n.ATK .V.V.V/7
200
ANIMAL-HEADED GODS: SHU WITH TKKXUT, JACKAL, SKBKK, TAIIL'TI.
I'l.ATK \.\.\\- 1
200
ANIMAL-HEADED GODS: SHU WITH TEKXL'T, JACKAL, SEHEK. TAHUTI.
Pl.ATK .V.V.Vr//
207 g
209 a
'- *>^i '
.oji^ij^BlNsr
vbf't
&
,
f
3^^*^ JL- --.
/
ANIMAL GODS : APE, BULL, COW.
PLATE XXX I'll I
210
ANIMAL GODS: COW, SHEKP, HAKE, LION.
/'/..//'A .V.V.V/.V
-T^
223 a
- ..; A ><>?-
<>'"/'>*
." -- -. t.f
"'.-TV,: :-'**.
231 A
ANIMAL GODS : LION, CAT, JACKAL.
//-///: .v/.
211
236
^^ ^^^^
ff f f f f
237^ h
fill*
237 TTL
/////. xi. i
243
00
ay ap
ANIMAL GODS: RKPTILKS, BIRDS.
PLATE XI. II
245 h
250 a
251
AXI.MAL GODS: HIRDS.
I'l .\TE X I.I 1 1
257
f.-^tH-
f
v 170 d
ANIMAL GODS, AND VARIOUS OK|K(T.S.
//..///: AY.//'
2ft
ADDKXDA.
//..//A \/.r
245 tt.A.
267 c.
PLATE Xl.l'l
10
*
9
ADDENDA.
//..; /A .v/.;v/
70 JO
1397Z2 ?4'
iilfci
139T2
LISTS OF AMULETS, MACGREGOR PAPYRUS, AND DENDEREH. XLVIII
a tt
/>.^\
zn
5
41
3I
8
*-yv 2.1
f
V"
JJ
^4.
L
L Ox/
\\\ <wv\ |<XV_
43
I
18
l3
O
V C2ZT3
F Q BD
OL
44
u
5
4.
BRONZE AMULET. I35aa.
VXA
XVX BA
XAXVX-
FOUR- XAB
HEADED
BAXAriXVX RAM
ABAANA9
ANAABA
&oi of Novth
PAY, FU
4.- Ivca-cLeA Yam
< N ec
XH P*l
BES
PH
4>i/AAZ. ro/v\
Tkt qu.ird.idn 4 1
St>
gu,i
i k I
IAUJ
I AM ani
AA IAA MA
onc tLse with me.
A A6 Z I M
A N APe VA.A
Birk, C)u_a.vAiin
oF vn. *. TV.
LION
TREADINC
ON SKELETON.
AKPA M M AX
AMA PIH
H O R g S
I^OLDIMG LVILr.
5TA K Dt NG ON
CKOCOD I LE5.
AS
C A. B A
L.L o n
3 HAWKS
Sou.Ls of tkt J
I A U
YaHvtH
I H COVC
I e, s u &
3 SCAKA&S 3 GOATS, 3 &CR.PLN-I:
on L.ft
i Ae'uj
BA *Pe N
HORU-S ON U3TU5- BPIN
KH N U MU
V A K-ve-k
IN & o ^T Tc
STANDING
MOU N
O6 I A API ON
Tl
H M
XNOUBIC
A *
XAPNOUC
* 6 A
I4>l PK 1 PA
KK.^V^ ew
AI eo
M \l O M fc
' v '""- ta -
NP+
A fc W 6 A 1 <
HORUS-MIIM Hoauf,
is CTt-a-ToT i i,,.^,
* N06OUOVT1
TKe. God.
A p no
X N OW<t> I C
pu) c ei
e u e
M ' O PTOU
BPIN
TATH
M ul* PI
F. P.
PLANS OF AMULETS ON MUMMIES.
HAWA(\A
R I (, H T , .
U P P I R. <\ K M
!. t F T HA.ND
GOLD R.IM& ON
IN HAND
HORUZA
UP PS*.
B> E A DS
R. ICHT HAND
M
r~^-y
n G i i-Tos"
/> u fijMT .^
^^liumw-
I STS GOLD fcANPS .
OLD itltATH . ,^_
*.<o
&
HAWARA
GOLD
B t KV L.
C A (\ N EL I AN
D i OH I T E
CKTE N FELSPAR
JA?, PER.,R.
L A 31 U LI
BLACK LIME
O 2. S I D I AN
L K i T E
&VENiTE
YE LLOW LI^E
VV MIT E
T STEATITE
HAWARA
u !!II!!IIf z i
H AWARA 4
UNDE K
ZAiD ir-t
4-i
A LU^P
s
STr\U NC
,fcs
ToGtTHtR
i
NEBHAT
=
ZAD
I
I
U AZ
1
i
H A U &
\
2.
TAH UTI
1
a.
IfilS
i
K HN U M I,
,
3
SCARABS
1
1
DOUBLE BULL\ _
SHU fer
*<A \;a-T
A L L &
i \
jff^S-
I ffl ?^ = ! I -
OILT BANDS ON
L
V
'GILT ftANDS
AN KLCS
FP
PLANS OF AMULETS ON MUMMIES.
LI
HAWARA 7
HAWAFsA &
D
HAWARA 13
D
II
OUTER SET, GLAZED.
IM
PLANS OF AMULETS ON MUMMIES.
Lll
NEBE&HEH C
NEBE5HEH
N
C
D
U
V
DENDEREH
. HI
DENDEREH
oU
DENDEKEH
oc
DENDEREH
54
F.P.
DENDEREH
Hi.
PLANS OF AMULETS ON MUMMIES.
20
DENDER.EH
I 12.
DENDEREH
5~OO
DENJ3ER.EH
DENDERE.H
P.P.
INDEX TO AMULETS IN POSITION, PLS. L- LIII
LIV
p O 3 I T I O NJ 5
f F O PsE HEAD
N NAPE OF NECK
T~ THROAT
C CLAVl CUE
P P E C T US
D D I A PH KAGM
\J u M B ILI COS
V V EN TE R
M H U M E R US
Vv/ WRIST
H HAND
R, L F I'NGEKS ; R *.L
A ANKLE
E FEET
7 HEAKT. No I C,P D, M. EC.
4-T- 5 T, C . 6 T,g P. IOTPU
IICJ2.P.-I3C. 14- P. 16 P,
ISC . 2.1 D. 2.3 P. 2.4 U.15-P
8. BREAST. 17 P. |8D?2.0C 7 24\/;
17 SMA, 10, u,
)8 FROG. I P,W.2.T. 2>P, 5C. 6 U.
10 P. II C - 12. P. 13 P
2>7
A,
P. IOD,U
II p. up. is p. 2.3 P Z4 v ?
38KOKK.ED LANCf. "QJ" IP.
3P.4 P. 5TP. 6PU-7T. IO C .
39 OSTFMCH PLUMES ^ IP.
ZD. 3c.5~P 6P.7T. loc.ny. 14V/.
40C D I SC + H PvNS TQ? lop.
2-1
SCE PTRE.
I F,T C,P. ID. 3> p. 4 V [
5 P. 6 P. 10,U. II V . I3VM4R
15 E - IS P. 2.2. U. 2.5- P.
\PYRUS PLAQ^UE,
S" P. 6 P. 7T. S P. 10 C. I ( G.
2.8 H UMAN-H EADED BIR.D.
1TC. 2-D. 1 2> p. 1 4. P. igp
BOMANS GIRDLE-TIE *
2. C I 5 E
33> COUNTER-POISE ^
9 P. IIT.I1T. I3N. 14 N
34 HEAD REST g IOT.
IS E. IS P 2.0.U
2>S ZAD f I,T,P 2. C,U 3CP,U.
4 P . S"P. 6P, D, U. 7 C .
8 D. 9 c,u. IOT. 1 1 D.
li P.D, U. 14 D,U. IS V.
18 C . 2-1 U . 2L4D-2.5R
10 D
4. | PAIR, or FEATHERS ffi 3 P.
5 =>,6 P. 10 D. II,V. 14 V.
42. R IS. IMG SUM CQ3 10 P
43 DISC OF S U Nl Q 5C.6U.
II U, IZ U. 13 L. 14 L. (6 U
45" BAKK *B4. 2. C
5S UKAEUS"^ |,P. 2.C. 4 P.
5" F - 12. P, D. 13 P, U, V .
14 F. 15 P E. 2.0 C,P. 2.Z V.
2.5TR
5~8D WiNGtD UPsAEUS. 4. P.
63 COW, LEGS T I ED. 10 P.
66 DUCK. 3 P.
70 V A S E . I ,T .
71 COLLAR. |,C. 4 P.
72 CLOTHING. SP.JP. )0 D.
76 WRITING TAB LET. IP
4- P. 5X,P. 7T. 1I,V. IL PD.
78 CA K.T OU C H E.5TC.6U 7T
/9 S E A
95 VULTUKE SPREAD I C 4 P.
-97 SER.PENT HEAD. IJ.9P. (IT. I4T
35"B
A R. E 5" c. IOB .
! C,P. 12. P. 23 P
I IM,L-H ./J.K.5X
6 R,L. I 2. D . )2> P .
80 SEAL M IM G I L,R. 2. K,
5"C,L
81 CiPxCLE OF CQR.D.Q. I,H
&"7 MUKMY OM Bl EB. . !5"U,V
17 P. Zl P. LA- UECS.
88 G 1 R D L E OF 1 5 ! S $ I T, P.
2.T. 3 P. r P. 6 P. 7 P. fiC.
9 CP. IO P. I I D. J2. U-
13 P, U. I? E.
91 PE CTO R A L. 1 5" P. 17 P. 19V
92. SCARAB WITH LEGS. 1 D.
1PU. 3 C.PD- 4-T.P. 5TP.
6 T U. 7 C, P D. & P. I O C P D.
II P, I2.P.D. I3> P, L. I417PL
|& V. 2.0 V. 2.1 G .5T,RU.
92.6 HAWK.-H EADED sc^R^B
ID. IO B.
92, SCARAB -I- WINGS. 9C.
15-P.V.E . l 2 P. 2.0 C. 2.1 C
2_4 D
SANAE.OM LEGS. /ryE.
94 VULTUKE STANDING.
IT,D. 2-C. 4- P 25 T
BULL A. I C .
12.8 U2 AT ^3) I F.D.UM.H. 2.T.C.
3T P. 4- p. 5T.C.P. 6U.7T. a p.
14 F. IS" C,P, V. 2-? T, P.
139 UZAT IN 5Q.UARE.14T.
149 IS! S. IP. 2.T.RU. 3P.4-P. SF
6C,P. 8C,P. 9 P. 10 P. 13 P. 14 P.
I49& I5IS PLAQ.UE. 4 P
I5T5 ISIS MOUR>NIMG. I^C.ZI P.
2.Z P. Z.3. P.
I5"2. 15IS,NEE>HAT,AMHOKUS. Z U.
3U.6D. 8D.13P. 14 P.
I5"4 NEBH AT. l.P. 2. P, U . 3 P,D.
4 P. 6 C, P. 8 P. 9 P. |0 P. I3R 14 P.
15^45 NEBHAT PLAGUE. 4 p.
I 5"7 O S I P- 1 S I 5 V, E .
I57POSIMSAND/ V \UMMY- I T U-
161 M I H. IS P.
|6'/ SHU I P. 4. P. 6 U
168 NEIT.IP 2.R 5" P. 6 P. 1 4 P.
172. MAOT. I P. 2.T.P. 3 P. 5" P.
IO D . 17 P-
174 SELK. I P . ZT.P. 3 P
150 HO KUS . H AWK.- H EAD ED. IP.
2,pU.3D.4P.S"P. 6C.8P. 9r>
10 P. 13 P
1 8 ! R.A, . ! P. IT. Z P. 4- P. 5"P. 6 C, P.
I8IB KA SEATED . 10 P
(82. 4- SOMS OF RA. 9"D. IS"P. 16 P,V.
IS PD.I9 P. 2.0 P. 2. 1 P.2.ZR 2. 3, R 24V
I&6 HAT HO R. COW HEADED. |T. 9 P
I 8 J KH N! I.' M U . l ? U . 4 p. 5 c . 5> p
I&7BKHMUML -"LAQ.UE.. 4 P.
i97 AN: PU. 9 p. 14 p.
2.01 SE Bk."K . 2_o D .
Z01 TEHUTI. IP,U.3PD.4P.5-P.6CP8P.|JP
2O& HATKOR COW. I8V.1OP.2.IV
2-19 Ll ON4. 3 P. I 5- P, 0/I7D. 190. 2.0V.
2.2.0 LIONS FOREPARTS . 3 P. ~\Z2. P
2.Z3 B U LLS FO R E PAPxTi . 4 p.
214 CA~T. I5E.
Z2.I JACKAL COUCHANT.gD.ZOD.Uy.
2.31 B JACKAL ON SH KIN . 19 V. 2.3. P.
Z.36 TAURT. |S"E./8D,V. 2.OD.
HAWK . | P. 3 C. 14 P. I5"P,V.
I 8 CV. 2.0 PD. 22.C 2.4- U.
Z5 c
/ C . I 5" D.
147 IBIS. Z.I J5.
2-70 REED. 18 P.
Z73 TWO FINGE R.S H.5"V. 6 V.
\O.V. II V. ILV. 14V. 18 V.
2.J5- STAR,. IS" T. l<? U.
THE AMULETS AF^E. SPREAD OUT
TOO Low I M THE
MS IN* O fkDE PS TO
CLE1AK. p. p.
BE.
UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO
LIBRARY
DO NOT
REMOVE
THE
CARD
FROM
THIS
POCKET
Live Music Archive
Librivox Free Audio
Metropolitan Museum
Cleveland Museum of Art
Internet Arcade
Console Living Room
Books to Borrow
Open Library
TV News
Understanding 9/11